From acf686d3dd3e7ecde6527432fe3090a94929ed14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ipknHama <ipknhama@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 May 2015 14:49:40 -0400
Subject: update amalgate

---
 amalgamate/crow_all.h | 9627 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 4822 insertions(+), 4805 deletions(-)

(limited to 'amalgamate/crow_all.h')

diff --git a/amalgamate/crow_all.h b/amalgamate/crow_all.h
index 98d47e9..e066d97 100644
--- a/amalgamate/crow_all.h
+++ b/amalgamate/crow_all.h
@@ -99,11 +99,12 @@ inline int qs_parse(char * qs, char * qs_kv[], int qs_kv_size)
 
     for(i=0; i<qs_kv_size; i++)  qs_kv[i] = NULL;
 
-    // find the beginning of the k/v substrings
-    if ( (substr_ptr = strchr(qs, '?')) != NULL )
+    // find the beginning of the k/v substrings or the fragment
+    substr_ptr = qs + strcspn(qs, "?#");
+    if (substr_ptr[0] != '\0')
         substr_ptr++;
     else
-        substr_ptr = qs;
+        return 0; // no query or fragment
 
     i=0;
     while(i<qs_kv_size)
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ inline int qs_parse(char * qs, char * qs_kv[], int qs_kv_size)
     for(j=0; j<i; j++)
     {
         substr_ptr = qs_kv[j] + strcspn(qs_kv[j], "=&#");
-        if ( substr_ptr[0] == '&' )  // blank value: skip decoding
+        if ( substr_ptr[0] == '&' || substr_ptr[0] == '\0')  // blank value: skip decoding
             substr_ptr[0] = '\0';
         else
             qs_decode(++substr_ptr);
@@ -344,2892 +345,1429 @@ namespace crow
 
 #pragma once
 
-//#define CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-
-#include <string>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <memory>
-#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
-#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
-#include <boost/operators.hpp>
-#include <vector>
-
-#if defined(__GNUG__) || defined(__clang__)
-#define crow_json_likely(x) __builtin_expect(x, 1)
-#define crow_json_unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(x, 0)
-#else
-#define crow_json_likely(x) x
-#define crow_json_unlikely(x) x
-#endif
-
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <functional>
 
 namespace crow
 {
-    namespace mustache
-    {
-        class template_t;
-    }
-
-    namespace json
+    namespace black_magic
     {
-        inline void escape(const std::string& str, std::string& ret)
+#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+        struct OutOfRange
         {
-            ret.reserve(ret.size() + str.size()+str.size()/4);
-            for(char c:str)
-            {
-                switch(c)
-                {
-                    case '"': ret += "\\\""; break;
-                    case '\\': ret += "\\\\"; break;
-                    case '\n': ret += "\\n"; break;
-                    case '\b': ret += "\\b"; break;
-                    case '\f': ret += "\\f"; break;
-                    case '\r': ret += "\\r"; break;
-                    case '\t': ret += "\\t"; break;
-                    default:
-                        if (0 <= c && c < 0x20)
-                        {
-                            ret += "\\u00";
-                            auto to_hex = [](char c)
-                            {
-                                c = c&0xf;
-                                if (c < 10)
-                                    return '0' + c;
-                                return 'a'+c-10;
-                            };
-                            ret += to_hex(c/16);
-                            ret += to_hex(c%16);
-                        }
-                        else
-                            ret += c;
-                        break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        inline std::string escape(const std::string& str)
+            OutOfRange(unsigned pos, unsigned length) {}
+        };
+        constexpr unsigned requires_in_range( unsigned i, unsigned len )
         {
-            std::string ret;
-            escape(str, ret);
-            return ret;
+            return i >= len ? throw OutOfRange(i, len) : i;
         }
 
-        enum class type : char
-        {
-            Null,
-            False,
-            True,
-            Number,
-            String,
-            List,
-            Object,
-        };
-
-        class rvalue;
-        rvalue load(const char* data, size_t size);
-
-        namespace detail 
+        class const_str
         {
+            const char * const begin_;
+            unsigned size_;
 
-            struct r_string 
-                : boost::less_than_comparable<r_string>,
-                boost::less_than_comparable<r_string, std::string>,
-                boost::equality_comparable<r_string>,
-                boost::equality_comparable<r_string, std::string>
-            {
-                r_string() {};
-                r_string(char* s, char* e)
-                    : s_(s), e_(e)
-                {};
-                ~r_string()
-                {
-                    if (owned_)
-                        delete[] s_;
-                }
-
-                r_string(const r_string& r)
-                {
-                    *this = r;
-                }
-
-                r_string(r_string&& r)
-                {
-                    *this = r;
-                }
-
-                r_string& operator = (r_string&& r)
-                {
-                    s_ = r.s_;
-                    e_ = r.e_;
-                    owned_ = r.owned_;
-                    return *this;
+            public:
+            template< unsigned N >
+                constexpr const_str( const char(&arr)[N] ) : begin_(arr), size_(N - 1) {
+                    static_assert( N >= 1, "not a string literal");
                 }
+            constexpr char operator[]( unsigned i ) const { 
+                return requires_in_range(i, size_), begin_[i]; 
+            }
 
-                r_string& operator = (const r_string& r)
-                {
-                    s_ = r.s_;
-                    e_ = r.e_;
-                    owned_ = 0;
-                    return *this;
-                }
+            constexpr operator const char *() const { 
+                return begin_; 
+            }
 
-                operator std::string () const
-                {
-                    return std::string(s_, e_);
-                }
+            constexpr const char* begin() const { return begin_; }
+            constexpr const char* end() const { return begin_ + size_; }
 
+            constexpr unsigned size() const { 
+                return size_; 
+            }
+        };
 
-                const char* begin() const { return s_; }
-                const char* end() const { return e_; }
-                size_t size() const { return end() - begin(); }
+        constexpr unsigned find_closing_tag(const_str s, unsigned p)
+        {
+            return s[p] == '>' ? p : find_closing_tag(s, p+1);
+        }
 
-                using iterator = const char*;
-                using const_iterator = const char*;
+        constexpr bool is_valid(const_str s, unsigned i = 0, int f = 0)
+        {
+            return 
+                i == s.size()
+                    ? f == 0 :
+                f < 0 || f >= 2
+                    ? false :
+                s[i] == '<'
+                    ? is_valid(s, i+1, f+1) :
+                s[i] == '>'
+                    ? is_valid(s, i+1, f-1) :
+                is_valid(s, i+1, f);
+        }
 
-                char* s_;
-                mutable char* e_;
-                uint8_t owned_{0};
-                friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const r_string& s)
-                {
-                    os << (std::string)s;
-                    return os;
-                }
-            private:
-                void force(char* s, uint32_t length)
-                {
-                    s_ = s;
-                    owned_ = 1;
-                }
-                friend rvalue crow::json::load(const char* data, size_t size);
-            };
+        constexpr bool is_equ_p(const char* a, const char* b, unsigned n)
+        {
+            return
+                *a == 0 && *b == 0 && n == 0 
+                    ? true :
+                (*a == 0 || *b == 0)
+                    ? false :
+                n == 0
+                    ? true :
+                *a != *b
+                    ? false :
+                is_equ_p(a+1, b+1, n-1);
+        }
 
-            inline bool operator < (const r_string& l, const r_string& r)
-            {
-                return boost::lexicographical_compare(l,r);
-            }
+        constexpr bool is_equ_n(const_str a, unsigned ai, const_str b, unsigned bi, unsigned n)
+        {
+            return 
+                ai + n > a.size() || bi + n > b.size() 
+                    ? false :
+                n == 0 
+                    ? true : 
+                a[ai] != b[bi] 
+                    ? false : 
+                is_equ_n(a,ai+1,b,bi+1,n-1);
+        }
 
-            inline bool operator < (const r_string& l, const std::string& r)
-            {
-                return boost::lexicographical_compare(l,r);
-            }
+        constexpr bool is_int(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        {
+            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<int>", 0, 5);
+        }
 
-            inline bool operator > (const r_string& l, const std::string& r)
-            {
-                return boost::lexicographical_compare(r,l);
-            }
+        constexpr bool is_uint(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        {
+            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<uint>", 0, 6);
+        }
 
-            inline bool operator == (const r_string& l, const r_string& r)
-            {
-                return boost::equals(l,r);
-            }
+        constexpr bool is_float(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        {
+            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<float>", 0, 7) ||
+                is_equ_n(s, i, "<double>", 0, 8);
+        }
 
-            inline bool operator == (const r_string& l, const std::string& r)
-            {
-                return boost::equals(l,r);
-            }
+        constexpr bool is_str(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        {
+            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<str>", 0, 5) ||
+                is_equ_n(s, i, "<string>", 0, 8);
         }
 
-        class rvalue
+        constexpr bool is_path(const_str s, unsigned i)
         {
-            static const int cached_bit = 2;
-            static const int error_bit = 4;
-        public:
-            rvalue() noexcept : option_{error_bit} 
-            {}
-            rvalue(type t) noexcept
-                : lsize_{}, lremain_{}, t_{t}
-            {}
-            rvalue(type t, char* s, char* e)  noexcept
-                : start_{s},
-                end_{e},
-                t_{t}
-            {}
+            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<path>", 0, 6);
+        }
+#endif
+        template <typename T> 
+        struct parameter_tag
+        {
+            static const int value = 0;
+        };
+#define CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(t, i) \
+template <> \
+struct parameter_tag<t> \
+{ \
+    static const int value = i; \
+};
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(int, 1);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(char, 1);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(short, 1);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(long, 1);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(long long, 1);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned int, 2);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned char, 2);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned short, 2);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned long, 2);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned long long, 2);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(double, 3);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(std::string, 4);
+#undef CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG
+        template <typename ... Args>
+        struct compute_parameter_tag_from_args_list;
 
-            rvalue(const rvalue& r)
-            : start_(r.start_),
-                end_(r.end_),
-                key_(r.key_),
-                t_(r.t_),
-                option_(r.option_)
-            {
-                copy_l(r);
-            }
+        template <>
+        struct compute_parameter_tag_from_args_list<>
+        {
+            static const int value = 0;
+        };
 
-            rvalue(rvalue&& r) noexcept
-            {
-                *this = std::move(r);
-            }
+        template <typename Arg, typename ... Args>
+        struct compute_parameter_tag_from_args_list<Arg, Args...>
+        {
+            static const int sub_value = 
+                compute_parameter_tag_from_args_list<Args...>::value;
+            static const int value = 
+                parameter_tag<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value
+                ? sub_value* 6 + parameter_tag<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value
+                : sub_value;
+        };
 
-            rvalue& operator = (const rvalue& r)
-            {
-                start_ = r.start_;
-                end_ = r.end_;
-                key_ = r.key_;
-                copy_l(r);
-                t_ = r.t_;
-                option_ = r.option_;
-                return *this;
-            }
-            rvalue& operator = (rvalue&& r) noexcept
-            {
-                start_ = r.start_;
-                end_ = r.end_;
-                key_ = std::move(r.key_);
-                l_ = std::move(r.l_);
-                lsize_ = r.lsize_;
-                lremain_ = r.lremain_;
-                t_ = r.t_;
-                option_ = r.option_;
-                return *this;
-            }
+        static inline bool is_parameter_tag_compatible(uint64_t a, uint64_t b)
+        {
+            if (a == 0)
+                return b == 0;
+            if (b == 0)
+                return a == 0;
+            int sa = a%6;
+            int sb = a%6;
+            if (sa == 5) sa = 4;
+            if (sb == 5) sb = 4;
+            if (sa != sb)
+                return false;
+            return is_parameter_tag_compatible(a/6, b/6);
+        }
 
-            explicit operator bool() const noexcept
-            {
-                return (option_ & error_bit) == 0;
-            }
+        static inline unsigned find_closing_tag_runtime(const char* s, unsigned p)
+        {
+            return
+                s[p] == 0
+                ? throw std::runtime_error("unmatched tag <") :
+                s[p] == '>'
+                ? p : find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p + 1);
+        }
+        
+        static inline uint64_t get_parameter_tag_runtime(const char* s, unsigned p = 0)
+        {
+            return
+                s[p] == 0
+                    ?  0 :
+                s[p] == '<' ? (
+                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<int>", 5) == 0
+                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 1 :
+                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<uint>", 6) == 0
+                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 2 :
+                    (std::strncmp(s+p, "<float>", 7) == 0 ||
+                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<double>", 8) == 0)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 3 :
+                    (std::strncmp(s+p, "<str>", 5) == 0 ||
+                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<string>", 8) == 0)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 4 :
+                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<path>", 6) == 0
+                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 5 :
+                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid parameter type")
+                    ) :
+                get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, p+1);
+        }
+#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+        constexpr uint64_t get_parameter_tag(const_str s, unsigned p = 0)
+        {
+            return
+                p == s.size() 
+                    ?  0 :
+                s[p] == '<' ? ( 
+                    is_int(s, p)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 1 :
+                    is_uint(s, p)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 2 :
+                    is_float(s, p)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 3 :
+                    is_str(s, p)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 4 :
+                    is_path(s, p)
+                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 5 :
+                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid parameter type")
+                    ) : 
+                get_parameter_tag(s, p+1);
+        }
+#endif
 
-            explicit operator int64_t() const
-            {
-                return i();
-            }
+        template <typename ... T>
+        struct S
+        {
+            template <typename U>
+            using push = S<U, T...>;
+            template <typename U>
+            using push_back = S<T..., U>;
+            template <template<typename ... Args> class U>
+            using rebind = U<T...>;
+        };
+template <typename F, typename Set>
+        struct CallHelper;
+        template <typename F, typename ...Args>
+        struct CallHelper<F, S<Args...>>
+        {
+            template <typename F1, typename ...Args1, typename = 
+                decltype(std::declval<F1>()(std::declval<Args1>()...))
+                >
+            static char __test(int);
 
-            explicit operator int() const
-            {
-                return (int)i();
-            }
+            template <typename ...>
+            static int __test(...);
 
-            type t() const
-            {
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (option_ & error_bit)
-                {
-                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid json object");
-                }
-#endif
-                return t_;
-            }
+            static constexpr bool value = sizeof(__test<F, Args...>(0)) == sizeof(char);
+        };
 
-            int64_t i() const
-            {
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (t() != type::Number)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not number");
-#endif
-                return boost::lexical_cast<int64_t>(start_, end_-start_);
-            }
 
-            double d() const
-            {
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (t() != type::Number)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not number");
-#endif
-                return boost::lexical_cast<double>(start_, end_-start_);
-            }
+        template <int N>
+        struct single_tag_to_type
+        {
+        };
 
-            bool b() const
-            {
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (t() != type::True && t() != type::False)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not boolean");
-#endif
-                return t() == type::True;
-            }
+        template <>
+        struct single_tag_to_type<1>
+        {
+            using type = int64_t;
+        };
 
-            void unescape() const
-            {
-                if (*(start_-1))
-                {
-                    char* head = start_;
-                    char* tail = start_;
-                    while(head != end_)
-                    {
-                        if (*head == '\\')
-                        {
-                            switch(*++head)
-                            {
-                                case '"':  *tail++ = '"'; break;
-                                case '\\': *tail++ = '\\'; break;
-                                case '/':  *tail++ = '/'; break;
-                                case 'b':  *tail++ = '\b'; break;
-                                case 'f':  *tail++ = '\f'; break;
-                                case 'n':  *tail++ = '\n'; break;
-                                case 'r':  *tail++ = '\r'; break;
-                                case 't':  *tail++ = '\t'; break;
-                                case 'u':
-                                    {
-                                        auto from_hex = [](char c)
-                                        {
-                                            if (c >= 'a')
-                                                return c - 'a' + 10;
-                                            if (c >= 'A')
-                                                return c - 'A' + 10;
-                                            return c - '0';
-                                        };
-                                        unsigned int code = 
-                                            (from_hex(head[1])<<12) + 
-                                            (from_hex(head[2])<< 8) + 
-                                            (from_hex(head[3])<< 4) + 
-                                            from_hex(head[4]);
-                                        if (code >= 0x800)
-                                        {
-                                            *tail++ = 0xE0 | (code >> 12);
-                                            *tail++ = 0x80 | ((code >> 6) & 0x3F);
-                                            *tail++ = 0x80 | (code & 0x3F);
-                                        }
-                                        else if (code >= 0x80)
-                                        {
-                                            *tail++ = 0xC0 | (code >> 6);
-                                            *tail++ = 0x80 | (code & 0x3F);
-                                        }
-                                        else
-                                        {
-                                            *tail++ = code;
-                                        }
-                                        head += 4;
-                                    }
-                                    break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        else
-                            *tail++ = *head;
-                        head++;
-                    }
-                    end_ = tail;
-                    *end_ = 0;
-                    *(start_-1) = 0;
-                }
-            }
-
-            detail::r_string s() const
-            {
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (t() != type::String)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not string");
-#endif
-                unescape();
-                return detail::r_string{start_, end_};
-            }
+        template <>
+        struct single_tag_to_type<2>
+        {
+            using type = uint64_t;
+        };
 
-            bool has(const char* str) const
-            {
-                return has(std::string(str));
-            }
+        template <>
+        struct single_tag_to_type<3>
+        {
+            using type = double;
+        };
 
-            bool has(const std::string& str) const
-            {
-                struct Pred 
-                {
-                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const rvalue& r) const
-                    {
-                        return l.key_ < r.key_;
-                    };
-                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const std::string& r) const
-                    {
-                        return l.key_ < r;
-                    };
-                    bool operator()(const std::string& l, const rvalue& r) const
-                    {
-                        return l < r.key_;
-                    };
-                };
-                if (!is_cached())
-                {
-                    std::sort(begin(), end(), Pred());
-                    set_cached();
-                }
-                auto it = lower_bound(begin(), end(), str, Pred());
-                return it != end() && it->key_ == str;
-            }
+        template <>
+        struct single_tag_to_type<4>
+        {
+            using type = std::string;
+        };
 
-            int count(const std::string& str)
-            {
-                return has(str) ? 1 : 0;
-            }
+        template <>
+        struct single_tag_to_type<5>
+        {
+            using type = std::string;
+        };
 
-            rvalue* begin() const 
-            { 
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (t() != type::Object && t() != type::List)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a container");
-#endif
-                return l_.get(); 
-            }
-            rvalue* end() const 
-            { 
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (t() != type::Object && t() != type::List)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a container");
-#endif
-                return l_.get()+lsize_; 
-            }
 
-            const detail::r_string& key() const
-            {
-                return key_;
-            }
+        template <uint64_t Tag> 
+        struct arguments
+        {
+            using subarguments = typename arguments<Tag/6>::type;
+            using type = 
+                typename subarguments::template push<typename single_tag_to_type<Tag%6>::type>;
+        };
 
-            size_t size() const
-            {
-                if (t() == type::String)
-                    return s().size();
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (t() != type::Object && t() != type::List)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a container");
-#endif
-                return lsize_;
-            }
+        template <> 
+        struct arguments<0>
+        {
+            using type = S<>;
+        };
 
-            const rvalue& operator[](int index) const
-            {
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (t() != type::List)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a list");
-                if (index >= (int)lsize_ || index < 0)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("list out of bound");
-#endif
-                return l_[index];
-            }
+        template <typename ... T>
+        struct last_element_type
+        {
+            using type = typename std::tuple_element<sizeof...(T)-1, std::tuple<T...>>::type;
+        };
 
-            const rvalue& operator[](size_t index) const
-            {
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (t() != type::List)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a list");
-                if (index >= lsize_)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("list out of bound");
-#endif
-                return l_[index];
-            }
 
-            const rvalue& operator[](const char* str) const
-            {
-                return this->operator[](std::string(str));
-            }
+        template <>
+        struct last_element_type<>
+        {
+        };
 
-            const rvalue& operator[](const std::string& str) const
-            {
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                if (t() != type::Object)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not an object");
-#endif
-                struct Pred 
-                {
-                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const rvalue& r) const
-                    {
-                        return l.key_ < r.key_;
-                    };
-                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const std::string& r) const
-                    {
-                        return l.key_ < r;
-                    };
-                    bool operator()(const std::string& l, const rvalue& r) const
-                    {
-                        return l < r.key_;
-                    };
-                };
-                if (!is_cached())
-                {
-                    std::sort(begin(), end(), Pred());
-                    set_cached();
-                }
-                auto it = lower_bound(begin(), end(), str, Pred());
-                if (it != end() && it->key_ == str)
-                    return *it;
-#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
-                throw std::runtime_error("cannot find key");
-#else
-                static rvalue nullValue;
-                return nullValue;
-#endif
-            }
 
-            void set_error()
-            {
-                option_|=error_bit;
-            }
+        // from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13072359/c11-compile-time-array-with-logarithmic-evaluation-depth
+        template<class T> using Invoke = typename T::type;
 
-            bool error() const
-            {
-                return (option_&error_bit)!=0;
-            }
-        private:
-            bool is_cached() const
-            {
-                return (option_&cached_bit)!=0;
-            }
-            void set_cached() const
-            {
-                option_ |= cached_bit;
-            }
-            void copy_l(const rvalue& r)
-            {
-                if (r.t() != type::Object && r.t() != type::List)
-                    return;
-                lsize_ = r.lsize_;
-                lremain_ = 0;
-                l_.reset(new rvalue[lsize_]);
-                std::copy(r.begin(), r.end(), begin());
-            }
+        template<unsigned...> struct seq{ using type = seq; };
 
-            void emplace_back(rvalue&& v)
-            {
-                if (!lremain_)
-                {
-                    int new_size = lsize_ + lsize_;
-                    if (new_size - lsize_ > 60000)
-                        new_size = lsize_ + 60000;
-                    if (new_size < 4)
-                        new_size = 4;
-                    rvalue* p = new rvalue[new_size];
-                    rvalue* p2 = p;
-                    for(auto& x : *this)
-                        *p2++ = std::move(x);
-                    l_.reset(p);
-                    lremain_ = new_size - lsize_;
-                }
-                l_[lsize_++] = std::move(v);
-                lremain_ --;
-            }
+        template<class S1, class S2> struct concat;
 
-            mutable char* start_;
-            mutable char* end_;
-            detail::r_string key_;
-            std::unique_ptr<rvalue[]> l_;
-            uint32_t lsize_;
-            uint16_t lremain_;
-            type t_;
-            mutable uint8_t option_{0};
+        template<unsigned... I1, unsigned... I2>
+        struct concat<seq<I1...>, seq<I2...>>
+          : seq<I1..., (sizeof...(I1)+I2)...>{};
 
-            friend rvalue load_nocopy_internal(char* data, size_t size);
-            friend rvalue load(const char* data, size_t size);
-            friend std::ostream& operator <<(std::ostream& os, const rvalue& r)
-            {
-                switch(r.t_)
-                {
+        template<class S1, class S2>
+        using Concat = Invoke<concat<S1, S2>>;
 
-                case type::Null: os << "null"; break;
-                case type::False: os << "false"; break;
-                case type::True: os << "true"; break;
-                case type::Number: os << r.d(); break;
-                case type::String: os << '"' << r.s() << '"'; break;
-                case type::List: 
-                    {
-                        os << '['; 
-                        bool first = true;
-                        for(auto& x : r)
-                        {
-                            if (!first)
-                                os << ',';
-                            first = false;
-                            os << x;
-                        }
-                        os << ']'; 
-                    }
-                    break;
-                case type::Object:
-                    {
-                        os << '{'; 
-                        bool first = true;
-                        for(auto& x : r)
-                        {
-                            if (!first)
-                                os << ',';
-                            os << '"' << escape(x.key_) << "\":";
-                            first = false;
-                            os << x;
-                        }
-                        os << '}'; 
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-                return os;
-            }
+        template<unsigned N> struct gen_seq;
+        template<unsigned N> using GenSeq = Invoke<gen_seq<N>>;
+
+        template<unsigned N>
+        struct gen_seq : Concat<GenSeq<N/2>, GenSeq<N - N/2>>{};
+
+        template<> struct gen_seq<0> : seq<>{};
+        template<> struct gen_seq<1> : seq<0>{};
+
+        template <typename Seq, typename Tuple> 
+        struct pop_back_helper;
+
+        template <unsigned ... N, typename Tuple>
+        struct pop_back_helper<seq<N...>, Tuple>
+        {
+            template <template <typename ... Args> class U>
+            using rebind = U<typename std::tuple_element<N, Tuple>::type...>;
         };
-        namespace detail {
-        }
 
-        inline bool operator == (const rvalue& l, const std::string& r)
+        template <typename ... T>
+        struct pop_back //: public pop_back_helper<typename gen_seq<sizeof...(T)-1>::type, std::tuple<T...>>
         {
-            return l.s() == r;
-        }
+            template <template <typename ... Args> class U>
+            using rebind = typename pop_back_helper<typename gen_seq<sizeof...(T)-1>::type, std::tuple<T...>>::template rebind<U>;
+        };
 
-        inline bool operator == (const std::string& l, const rvalue& r)
+        template <>
+        struct pop_back<>
         {
-            return l == r.s();
-        }
+            template <template <typename ... Args> class U>
+            using rebind = U<>;
+        };
 
-        inline bool operator != (const rvalue& l, const std::string& r)
+        // from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2118541/check-if-c0x-parameter-pack-contains-a-type
+        template < typename Tp, typename... List >
+        struct contains : std::true_type {};
+
+        template < typename Tp, typename Head, typename... Rest >
+        struct contains<Tp, Head, Rest...>
+        : std::conditional< std::is_same<Tp, Head>::value,
+            std::true_type,
+            contains<Tp, Rest...>
+        >::type {};
+
+        template < typename Tp >
+        struct contains<Tp> : std::false_type {};
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct empty_context
         {
-            return l.s() != r;
-        }
+        };
 
-        inline bool operator != (const std::string& l, const rvalue& r)
+        template <typename T>
+        struct promote
         {
-            return l != r.s();
+            using type = T;
+        };
+
+#define CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(t1, t2) \
+        template<> \
+        struct promote<t1> \
+        {  \
+            using type = t2; \
         }
 
-        inline bool operator == (const rvalue& l, double r)
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(char, int64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(short, int64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(int, int64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(long, int64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(long long, int64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned char, uint64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned short, uint64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned int, uint64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned long, uint64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned long long, uint64_t);
+        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(float, double);
+#undef CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE
+
+        template <typename T>
+        using promote_t = typename promote<T>::type;
+
+    } // namespace black_magic
+
+    namespace detail
+    {
+
+        template <class T, std::size_t N, class... Args>
+        struct get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl
         {
-            return l.d() == r;
-        }
+            static constexpr auto value = N;
+        };
 
-        inline bool operator == (double l, const rvalue& r)
+        template <class T, std::size_t N, class... Args>
+        struct get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, N, T, Args...>
         {
-            return l == r.d();
-        }
+            static constexpr auto value = N;
+        };
 
-        inline bool operator != (const rvalue& l, double r)
+        template <class T, std::size_t N, class U, class... Args>
+        struct get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, N, U, Args...>
         {
-            return l.d() != r;
-        }
+            static constexpr auto value = get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, N + 1, Args...>::value;
+        };
 
-        inline bool operator != (double l, const rvalue& r)
+    } // namespace detail
+
+    namespace utility
+    {
+        template <class T, class... Args>
+        T& get_element_by_type(std::tuple<Args...>& t)
         {
-            return l != r.d();
+            return std::get<detail::get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, 0, Args...>::value>(t);
         }
 
+        template<typename T> 
+        struct function_traits;  
 
-        inline rvalue load_nocopy_internal(char* data, size_t size)
+#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+        template<typename T> 
+        struct function_traits : public function_traits<decltype(&T::operator())>
         {
-            //static const char* escaped = "\"\\/\b\f\n\r\t";
-            struct Parser
-            {
-                Parser(char* data, size_t size)
-                    : data(data)
-                {
-                }
+            using parent_t = function_traits<decltype(&T::operator())>;
+            static const size_t arity = parent_t::arity;
+            using result_type = typename parent_t::result_type;
+            template <size_t i>
+            using arg = typename parent_t::template arg<i>;
+        
+        };  
+#endif
 
-                bool consume(char c)
-                {
-                    if (crow_json_unlikely(*data != c))
-                        return false;
-                    data++;
-                    return true;
-                }
+        template<typename ClassType, typename R, typename ...Args> 
+        struct function_traits<R(ClassType::*)(Args...) const>
+        {
+            static const size_t arity = sizeof...(Args);
 
-                void ws_skip()
-                {
-                    while(*data == ' ' || *data == '\t' || *data == '\r' || *data == '\n') ++data;
-                };
+            typedef R result_type;
 
-                rvalue decode_string()
-                {
-                    if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume('"')))
-                        return {};
-                    char* start = data;
-                    uint8_t has_escaping = 0;
-                    while(1)
-                    {
-                        if (crow_json_likely(*data != '"' && *data != '\\' && *data != '\0'))
-                        {
-                            data ++;
-                        }
-                        else if (*data == '"')
-                        {
-                            *data = 0;
-                            *(start-1) = has_escaping;
-                            data++;
-                            return {type::String, start, data-1};
-                        }
-                        else if (*data == '\\')
-                        {
-                            has_escaping = 1;
-                            data++;
-                            switch(*data)
-                            {
-                                case 'u':
-                                    {
-                                        auto check = [](char c)
-                                        {
-                                            return 
-                                                ('0' <= c && c <= '9') ||
-                                                ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') ||
-                                                ('A' <= c && c <= 'F');
-                                        };
-                                        if (!(check(*(data+1)) && 
-                                            check(*(data+2)) && 
-                                            check(*(data+3)) && 
-                                            check(*(data+4))))
-                                            return {};
-                                    }
-                                    data += 5;
-                                    break;
-                                case '"':
-                                case '\\':
-                                case '/':
-                                case 'b':
-                                case 'f':
-                                case 'n':
-                                case 'r':
-                                case 't':
-                                    data ++;
-                                    break;
-                                default:
-                                    return {};
-                            }
-                        }
-                        else
-                            return {};
-                    }
-                    return {};
-                }
+            template <size_t i>
+            using arg = typename std::tuple_element<i, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
+        };
 
-                rvalue decode_list()
-                {
-                    rvalue ret(type::List);
-                    if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume('[')))
-                    {
-                        ret.set_error();
-                        return ret;
-                    }
-                    ws_skip();
-                    if (crow_json_unlikely(*data == ']'))
-                    {
-                        data++;
-                        return ret;
-                    }
+        template<typename ClassType, typename R, typename ...Args> 
+        struct function_traits<R(ClassType::*)(Args...)>
+        {
+            static const size_t arity = sizeof...(Args);
 
-                    while(1)
-                    {
-                        auto v = decode_value();
-                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!v))
-                        {
-                            ret.set_error();
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        ws_skip();
-                        ret.emplace_back(std::move(v));
-                        if (*data == ']')
-                        {
-                            data++;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume(',')))
-                        {
-                            ret.set_error();
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        ws_skip();
-                    }
-                    return ret;
-                }
+            typedef R result_type;
 
-                rvalue decode_number()
-                {
-                    char* start = data;
+            template <size_t i>
+            using arg = typename std::tuple_element<i, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
+        };
 
-                    enum NumberParsingState
-                    {
-                        Minus,
-                        AfterMinus,
-                        ZeroFirst,
-                        Digits,
-                        DigitsAfterPoints,
-                        E,
-                        DigitsAfterE,
-                        Invalid,
-                    } state{Minus};
-                    while(crow_json_likely(state != Invalid))
-                    {
-                        switch(*data)
-                        {
-                            case '0':
-                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\2\2\7\3\4\6\6"[state];
-                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Minus || state == NumberParsingState::AfterMinus)
-                                {
-                                    state = NumberParsingState::ZeroFirst;
-                                }
-                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
-                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE || 
-                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints)
-                                {
-                                    // ok; pass
-                                }
-                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
-                                {
-                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
-                                }
-                                else
-                                    return {};*/
-                                break;
-                            case '1': case '2': case '3': 
-                            case '4': case '5': case '6': 
-                            case '7': case '8': case '9':
-                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\3\3\7\3\4\6\6"[state];
-                                while(*(data+1) >= '0' && *(data+1) <= '9') data++;
-                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Minus || state == NumberParsingState::AfterMinus)
-                                {
-                                    state = NumberParsingState::Digits;
-                                }
-                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
-                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE || 
-                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints)
-                                {
-                                    // ok; pass
-                                }
-                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
-                                {
-                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
-                                }
-                                else
-                                    return {};*/
-                                break;
-                            case '.':
-                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\7\7\4\4\7\7\7"[state];
-                                /*
-                                if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || state == NumberParsingState::ZeroFirst)
-                                {
-                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints;
-                                }
-                                else
-                                    return {};
-                                */
-                                break;
-                            case '-':
-                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\1\7\7\7\7\6\7"[state];
-                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Minus)
-                                {
-                                    state = NumberParsingState::AfterMinus;
-                                }
-                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
-                                {
-                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
-                                }
-                                else
-                                    return {};*/
-                                break;
-                            case '+':
-                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\7\7\7\7\7\6\7"[state];
-                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
-                                {
-                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
-                                }
-                                else
-                                    return {};*/
-                                break;
-                            case 'e': case 'E':
-                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\7\7\7\5\5\7\7"[state];
-                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
-                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints)
-                                {
-                                    state = NumberParsingState::E;
-                                }
-                                else 
-                                    return {};*/
-                                break;
-                            default:
-                                if (crow_json_likely(state == NumberParsingState::ZeroFirst || 
-                                        state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
-                                        state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints || 
-                                        state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE))
-                                    return {type::Number, start, data};
-                                else
-                                    return {};
-                        }
-                        data++;
-                    }
+        template<typename R, typename ...Args> 
+        struct function_traits<std::function<R(Args...)>>
+        {
+            static const size_t arity = sizeof...(Args);
 
-                    return {};
-                }
+            typedef R result_type;
 
-                rvalue decode_value()
-                {
-                    switch(*data)
-                    {
-                        case '[':
-                            return decode_list();
-                        case '{':
-                            return decode_object();
-                        case '"':
-                            return decode_string();
-                        case 't':
-                            if (//e-data >= 4 &&
-                                    data[1] == 'r' &&
-                                    data[2] == 'u' &&
-                                    data[3] == 'e')
-                            {
-                                data += 4;
-                                return {type::True};
-                            }
-                            else
-                                return {};
-                        case 'f':
-                            if (//e-data >= 5 &&
-                                    data[1] == 'a' &&
-                                    data[2] == 'l' &&
-                                    data[3] == 's' &&
-                                    data[4] == 'e')
-                            {
-                                data += 5;
-                                return {type::False};
-                            }
-                            else
-                                return {};
-                        case 'n':
-                            if (//e-data >= 4 &&
-                                    data[1] == 'u' &&
-                                    data[2] == 'l' &&
-                                    data[3] == 'l')
-                            {
-                                data += 4;
-                                return {type::Null};
-                            }
-                            else
-                                return {};
-                        //case '1': case '2': case '3': 
-                        //case '4': case '5': case '6': 
-                        //case '7': case '8': case '9':
-                        //case '0': case '-':
-                        default:
-                            return decode_number();
-                    }
-                    return {};
-                }
+            template <size_t i>
+            using arg = typename std::tuple_element<i, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
+        };
 
-                rvalue decode_object()
-                {
-                    rvalue ret(type::Object);
-                    if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume('{')))
-                    {
-                        ret.set_error();
-                        return ret;
-                    }
+    } // namespace utility
+}
 
-                    ws_skip();
 
-                    if (crow_json_unlikely(*data == '}'))
-                    {
-                        data++;
-                        return ret;
-                    }
 
-                    while(1)
-                    {
-                        auto t = decode_string();
-                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!t))
-                        {
-                            ret.set_error();
-                            break;
-                        }
+/* merged revision: 5b951d74bd66ec9d38448e0a85b1cf8b85d97db3 */
+/* Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef http_parser_h
+#define http_parser_h
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
 
-                        ws_skip();
-                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume(':')))
-                        {
-                            ret.set_error();
-                            break;
-                        }
+/* Also update SONAME in the Makefile whenever you change these. */
+#define HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MAJOR 2
+#define HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MINOR 3
+#define HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_PATCH 0
 
-                        // TODO caching key to speed up (flyweight?)
-                        auto key = t.s();
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER<1600)
+#include <BaseTsd.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+typedef __int8 int8_t;
+typedef unsigned __int8 uint8_t;
+typedef __int16 int16_t;
+typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
+typedef __int32 int32_t;
+typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
+typedef __int64 int64_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+#else
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
 
-                        ws_skip();
-                        auto v = decode_value();
-                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!v))
-                        {
-                            ret.set_error();
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        ws_skip();
+/* Compile with -DHTTP_PARSER_STRICT=0 to make less checks, but run
+ * faster
+ */
+#ifndef HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+# define HTTP_PARSER_STRICT 1
+#endif
 
-                        v.key_ = std::move(key);
-                        ret.emplace_back(std::move(v));
-                        if (crow_json_unlikely(*data == '}'))
-                        {
-                            data++;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume(',')))
-                        {
-                            ret.set_error();
-                            break;
-                        }
-                        ws_skip();
-                    }
-                    return ret;
-                }
+/* Maximium header size allowed. If the macro is not defined
+ * before including this header then the default is used. To
+ * change the maximum header size, define the macro in the build
+ * environment (e.g. -DHTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE=<value>). To remove
+ * the effective limit on the size of the header, define the macro
+ * to a very large number (e.g. -DHTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE=0x7fffffff)
+ */
+#ifndef HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE
+# define HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE (80*1024)
+#endif
 
-                rvalue parse()
-                {
-                    ws_skip();
-                    auto ret = decode_value(); // or decode object?
-                    ws_skip();
-                    if (ret && *data != '\0')
-                        ret.set_error();
-                    return ret;
-                }
+typedef struct http_parser http_parser;
+typedef struct http_parser_settings http_parser_settings;
 
-                char* data;
-            };
-            return Parser(data, size).parse();
-        }
-        inline rvalue load(const char* data, size_t size)
-        {
-            char* s = new char[size+1];
-            memcpy(s, data, size);
-            s[size] = 0;
-            auto ret = load_nocopy_internal(s, size);
-            if (ret)
-                ret.key_.force(s, size);
-            else
-                delete[] s;
-            return ret;
-        }
 
-        inline rvalue load(const char* data)
-        {
-            return load(data, strlen(data));
-        }
+/* Callbacks should return non-zero to indicate an error. The parser will
+ * then halt execution.
+ *
+ * The one exception is on_headers_complete. In a HTTP_RESPONSE parser
+ * returning '1' from on_headers_complete will tell the parser that it
+ * should not expect a body. This is used when receiving a response to a
+ * HEAD request which may contain 'Content-Length' or 'Transfer-Encoding:
+ * chunked' headers that indicate the presence of a body.
+ *
+ * http_data_cb does not return data chunks. It will be call arbitrarally
+ * many times for each string. E.G. you might get 10 callbacks for "on_url"
+ * each providing just a few characters more data.
+ */
+typedef int (*http_data_cb) (http_parser*, const char *at, size_t length);
+typedef int (*http_cb) (http_parser*);
 
-        inline rvalue load(const std::string& str)
-        {
-            return load(str.data(), str.size());
-        }
 
-        class wvalue
-        {
-            friend class crow::mustache::template_t;
-        public:
-            type t() const { return t_; }
-        private:
-            type t_{type::Null};
-            double d {};
-            std::string s;
-            std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>> l;
-            std::unique_ptr<std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>> o;
-        public:
+/* Request Methods */
+#define HTTP_METHOD_MAP(XX)         \
+  XX(0,  DELETE,      DELETE)       \
+  XX(1,  GET,         GET)          \
+  XX(2,  HEAD,        HEAD)         \
+  XX(3,  POST,        POST)         \
+  XX(4,  PUT,         PUT)          \
+  /* pathological */                \
+  XX(5,  CONNECT,     CONNECT)      \
+  XX(6,  OPTIONS,     OPTIONS)      \
+  XX(7,  TRACE,       TRACE)        \
+  /* webdav */                      \
+  XX(8,  COPY,        COPY)         \
+  XX(9,  LOCK,        LOCK)         \
+  XX(10, MKCOL,       MKCOL)        \
+  XX(11, MOVE,        MOVE)         \
+  XX(12, PROPFIND,    PROPFIND)     \
+  XX(13, PROPPATCH,   PROPPATCH)    \
+  XX(14, SEARCH,      SEARCH)       \
+  XX(15, UNLOCK,      UNLOCK)       \
+  /* subversion */                  \
+  XX(16, REPORT,      REPORT)       \
+  XX(17, MKACTIVITY,  MKACTIVITY)   \
+  XX(18, CHECKOUT,    CHECKOUT)     \
+  XX(19, MERGE,       MERGE)        \
+  /* upnp */                        \
+  XX(20, MSEARCH,     M-SEARCH)     \
+  XX(21, NOTIFY,      NOTIFY)       \
+  XX(22, SUBSCRIBE,   SUBSCRIBE)    \
+  XX(23, UNSUBSCRIBE, UNSUBSCRIBE)  \
+  /* RFC-5789 */                    \
+  XX(24, PATCH,       PATCH)        \
+  XX(25, PURGE,       PURGE)        \
+  /* CalDAV */                      \
+  XX(26, MKCALENDAR,  MKCALENDAR)   \
 
-            wvalue() {}
+enum http_method
+  {
+#define XX(num, name, string) HTTP_##name = num,
+  HTTP_METHOD_MAP(XX)
+#undef XX
+  };
 
-            wvalue(const rvalue& r)
-            {
-                t_ = r.t();
-                switch(r.t())
-                {
-                    case type::Null:
-                    case type::False:
-                    case type::True:
-                        return;
-                    case type::Number:
-                        d = r.d();
-                        return;
-                    case type::String:
-                        s = r.s();
-                        return;
-                    case type::List:
-                        l = std::move(std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{}));
-                        l->reserve(r.size());
-                        for(auto it = r.begin(); it != r.end(); ++it)
-                            l->emplace_back(*it);
-                        return;
-                    case type::Object:
-                        o = std::move(
-                            std::unique_ptr<
-                                    std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>
-                                >(
-                                new std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>{}));
-                        for(auto it = r.begin(); it != r.end(); ++it)
-                            o->emplace(it->key(), *it);
-                        return;
-                }
-            }
 
-            wvalue(wvalue&& r)
-            {
-                *this = std::move(r);
-            }
+enum http_parser_type { HTTP_REQUEST, HTTP_RESPONSE, HTTP_BOTH };
 
-            wvalue& operator = (wvalue&& r)
-            {
-                t_ = r.t_;
-                d = r.d;
-                s = std::move(r.s);
-                l = std::move(r.l);
-                o = std::move(r.o);
-                return *this;
-            }
 
-            void clear()
-            {
-                t_ = type::Null;
-                l.reset();
-                o.reset();
-            }
+/* Flag values for http_parser.flags field */
+enum flags
+  { F_CHUNKED               = 1 << 0
+  , F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE = 1 << 1
+  , F_CONNECTION_CLOSE      = 1 << 2
+  , F_TRAILING              = 1 << 3
+  , F_UPGRADE               = 1 << 4
+  , F_SKIPBODY              = 1 << 5
+  };
 
-            void reset()
-            {
-                t_ = type::Null;
-                l.reset();
-                o.reset();
-            }
 
-            wvalue& operator = (std::nullptr_t)
-            {
-                reset();
-                return *this;
-            }
-            wvalue& operator = (bool value)
-            {
-                reset();
-                if (value)
-                    t_ = type::True;
-                else
-                    t_ = type::False;
-                return *this;
-            }
+/* Map for errno-related constants
+ * 
+ * The provided argument should be a macro that takes 2 arguments.
+ */
+#define HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(XX)                                           \
+  /* No error */                                                     \
+  XX(OK, "success")                                                  \
+                                                                     \
+  /* Callback-related errors */                                      \
+  XX(CB_message_begin, "the on_message_begin callback failed")       \
+  XX(CB_url, "the on_url callback failed")                           \
+  XX(CB_header_field, "the on_header_field callback failed")         \
+  XX(CB_header_value, "the on_header_value callback failed")         \
+  XX(CB_headers_complete, "the on_headers_complete callback failed") \
+  XX(CB_body, "the on_body callback failed")                         \
+  XX(CB_message_complete, "the on_message_complete callback failed") \
+  XX(CB_status, "the on_status callback failed")                     \
+                                                                     \
+  /* Parsing-related errors */                                       \
+  XX(INVALID_EOF_STATE, "stream ended at an unexpected time")        \
+  XX(HEADER_OVERFLOW,                                                \
+     "too many header bytes seen; overflow detected")                \
+  XX(CLOSED_CONNECTION,                                              \
+     "data received after completed connection: close message")      \
+  XX(INVALID_VERSION, "invalid HTTP version")                        \
+  XX(INVALID_STATUS, "invalid HTTP status code")                     \
+  XX(INVALID_METHOD, "invalid HTTP method")                          \
+  XX(INVALID_URL, "invalid URL")                                     \
+  XX(INVALID_HOST, "invalid host")                                   \
+  XX(INVALID_PORT, "invalid port")                                   \
+  XX(INVALID_PATH, "invalid path")                                   \
+  XX(INVALID_QUERY_STRING, "invalid query string")                   \
+  XX(INVALID_FRAGMENT, "invalid fragment")                           \
+  XX(LF_EXPECTED, "LF character expected")                           \
+  XX(INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN, "invalid character in header")            \
+  XX(INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH,                                         \
+     "invalid character in content-length header")                   \
+  XX(INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE,                                             \
+     "invalid character in chunk size header")                       \
+  XX(INVALID_CONSTANT, "invalid constant string")                    \
+  XX(INVALID_INTERNAL_STATE, "encountered unexpected internal state")\
+  XX(STRICT, "strict mode assertion failed")                         \
+  XX(PAUSED, "parser is paused")                                     \
+  XX(UNKNOWN, "an unknown error occurred")
 
-            wvalue& operator = (double value)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::Number;
-                d = value;
-                return *this;
-            }
 
-            wvalue& operator = (unsigned short value)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::Number;
-                d = (double)value;
-                return *this;
-            }
+/* Define HPE_* values for each errno value above */
+#define HTTP_ERRNO_GEN(n, s) HPE_##n,
+enum http_errno {
+  HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(HTTP_ERRNO_GEN)
+};
+#undef HTTP_ERRNO_GEN
 
-            wvalue& operator = (short value)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::Number;
-                d = (double)value;
-                return *this;
-            }
 
-            wvalue& operator = (long long value)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::Number;
-                d = (double)value;
-                return *this;
-            }
+/* Get an http_errno value from an http_parser */
+#define HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(p)            ((enum http_errno) (p)->http_errno)
 
-            wvalue& operator = (long value)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::Number;
-                d = (double)value;
-                return *this;
-            }
 
-            wvalue& operator = (int value)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::Number;
-                d = (double)value;
-                return *this;
-            }
+struct http_parser {
+  /** PRIVATE **/
+  unsigned int type : 2;         /* enum http_parser_type */
+  unsigned int flags : 6;        /* F_* values from 'flags' enum; semi-public */
+  unsigned int state : 8;        /* enum state from http_parser.c */
+  unsigned int header_state : 8; /* enum header_state from http_parser.c */
+  unsigned int index : 8;        /* index into current matcher */
 
-            wvalue& operator = (unsigned long long value)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::Number;
-                d = (double)value;
-                return *this;
-            }
+  uint32_t nread;          /* # bytes read in various scenarios */
+  uint64_t content_length; /* # bytes in body (0 if no Content-Length header) */
 
-            wvalue& operator = (unsigned long value)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::Number;
-                d = (double)value;
-                return *this;
-            }
+  /** READ-ONLY **/
+  unsigned short http_major;
+  unsigned short http_minor;
+  unsigned int status_code : 16; /* responses only */
+  unsigned int method : 8;       /* requests only */
+  unsigned int http_errno : 7;
 
-            wvalue& operator = (unsigned int value)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::Number;
-                d = (double)value;
-                return *this;
-            }
+  /* 1 = Upgrade header was present and the parser has exited because of that.
+   * 0 = No upgrade header present.
+   * Should be checked when http_parser_execute() returns in addition to
+   * error checking.
+   */
+  unsigned int upgrade : 1;
 
-            wvalue& operator=(const char* str)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::String;
-                s = str;
-                return *this;
-            }
+  /** PUBLIC **/
+  void *data; /* A pointer to get hook to the "connection" or "socket" object */
+};
 
-            wvalue& operator=(const std::string& str)
-            {
-                reset();
-                t_ = type::String;
-                s = str;
-                return *this;
-            }
 
-            template <typename T>
-            wvalue& operator=(const std::vector<T>& v)
-            {
-                if (t_ != type::List)
-                    reset();
-                t_ = type::List;
-                if (!l)
-                    l = std::move(std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{}));
-                l->clear();
-                l->resize(v.size());
-                size_t idx = 0;
-                for(auto& x:v)
-                {
-                    (*l)[idx++] = x;
-                }
-                return *this;
-            }
+struct http_parser_settings {
+  http_cb      on_message_begin;
+  http_data_cb on_url;
+  http_data_cb on_status;
+  http_data_cb on_header_field;
+  http_data_cb on_header_value;
+  http_cb      on_headers_complete;
+  http_data_cb on_body;
+  http_cb      on_message_complete;
+};
 
-            wvalue& operator[](unsigned index)
-            {
-                if (t_ != type::List)
-                    reset();
-                t_ = type::List;
-                if (!l)
-                    l = std::move(std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{}));
-                if (l->size() < index+1)
-                    l->resize(index+1);
-                return (*l)[index];
-            }
 
-            int count(const std::string& str)
-            {
-                if (t_ != type::Object)
-                    return 0;
-                if (!o)
-                    return 0;
-                return o->count(str);
-            }
+enum http_parser_url_fields
+  { UF_SCHEMA           = 0
+  , UF_HOST             = 1
+  , UF_PORT             = 2
+  , UF_PATH             = 3
+  , UF_QUERY            = 4
+  , UF_FRAGMENT         = 5
+  , UF_USERINFO         = 6
+  , UF_MAX              = 7
+  };
 
-            wvalue& operator[](const std::string& str)
-            {
-                if (t_ != type::Object)
-                    reset();
-                t_ = type::Object;
-                if (!o)
-                    o = std::move(
-                        std::unique_ptr<
-                                std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>
-                            >(
-                            new std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>{}));
-                return (*o)[str];
-            }
 
-            size_t estimate_length() const
-            {
-                switch(t_)
-                {
-                    case type::Null: return 4;
-                    case type::False: return 5;
-                    case type::True: return 4;
-                    case type::Number: return 30;
-                    case type::String: return 2+s.size()+s.size()/2;
-                    case type::List: 
-                        {
-                            size_t sum{};
-                            if (l)
-                            {
-                                for(auto& x:*l)
-                                {
-                                    sum += 1;
-                                    sum += x.estimate_length();
-                                }
-                            }
-                            return sum+2;
-                        }
-                    case type::Object:
-                        {
-                            size_t sum{};
-                            if (o)
-                            {
-                                for(auto& kv:*o)
-                                {
-                                    sum += 2;
-                                    sum += 2+kv.first.size()+kv.first.size()/2;
-                                    sum += kv.second.estimate_length();
-                                }
-                            }
-                            return sum+2;
-                        }
-                }
-                return 1;
-            }
+/* Result structure for http_parser_parse_url().
+ *
+ * Callers should index into field_data[] with UF_* values iff field_set
+ * has the relevant (1 << UF_*) bit set. As a courtesy to clients (and
+ * because we probably have padding left over), we convert any port to
+ * a uint16_t.
+ */
+struct http_parser_url {
+  uint16_t field_set;           /* Bitmask of (1 << UF_*) values */
+  uint16_t port;                /* Converted UF_PORT string */
 
+  struct {
+    uint16_t off;               /* Offset into buffer in which field starts */
+    uint16_t len;               /* Length of run in buffer */
+  } field_data[UF_MAX];
+};
 
-            friend void dump_internal(const wvalue& v, std::string& out);
-            friend std::string dump(const wvalue& v);
-        };
 
-        inline void dump_string(const std::string& str, std::string& out)
-        {
-            out.push_back('"');
-            escape(str, out);
-            out.push_back('"');
-        }
-        inline void dump_internal(const wvalue& v, std::string& out)
-        {
-            switch(v.t_)
-            {
-                case type::Null: out += "null"; break;
-                case type::False: out += "false"; break;
-                case type::True: out += "true"; break;
-                case type::Number: 
-                    {
-                        char outbuf[128];
-                        sprintf(outbuf, "%g", v.d);
-                        out += outbuf;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                case type::String: dump_string(v.s, out); break;
-                case type::List: 
-                     {
-                         out.push_back('[');
-                         if (v.l)
-                         {
-                             bool first = true;
-                             for(auto& x:*v.l)
-                             {
-                                 if (!first)
-                                 {
-                                     out.push_back(',');
-                                 }
-                                 first = false;
-                                 dump_internal(x, out);
-                             }
-                         }
-                         out.push_back(']');
-                     }
-                     break;
-                case type::Object:
-                     {
-                         out.push_back('{');
-                         if (v.o)
-                         {
-                             bool first = true;
-                             for(auto& kv:*v.o)
-                             {
-                                 if (!first)
-                                 {
-                                     out.push_back(',');
-                                 }
-                                 first = false;
-                                 dump_string(kv.first, out);
-                                 out.push_back(':');
-                                 dump_internal(kv.second, out);
-                             }
-                         }
-                         out.push_back('}');
-                     }
-                     break;
-            }
-        }
+/* Returns the library version. Bits 16-23 contain the major version number,
+ * bits 8-15 the minor version number and bits 0-7 the patch level.
+ * Usage example:
+ *
+ *   unsigned long version = http_parser_version();
+ *   unsigned major = (version >> 16) & 255;
+ *   unsigned minor = (version >> 8) & 255;
+ *   unsigned patch = version & 255;
+ *   printf("http_parser v%u.%u.%u\n", major, minor, version);
+ */
+unsigned long http_parser_version(void);
 
-        inline std::string dump(const wvalue& v)
-        {
-            std::string ret;
-            ret.reserve(v.estimate_length());
-            dump_internal(v, ret);
-            return ret;
-        }
+void http_parser_init(http_parser *parser, enum http_parser_type type);
 
-        //std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> dump_ref(wvalue& v)
-        //{
-        //}
-    }
-}
 
-#undef crow_json_likely
-#undef crow_json_unlikely
+size_t http_parser_execute(http_parser *parser,
+                           const http_parser_settings *settings,
+                           const char *data,
+                           size_t len);
 
 
+/* If http_should_keep_alive() in the on_headers_complete or
+ * on_message_complete callback returns 0, then this should be
+ * the last message on the connection.
+ * If you are the server, respond with the "Connection: close" header.
+ * If you are the client, close the connection.
+ */
+int http_should_keep_alive(const http_parser *parser);
 
-#pragma once
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <functional>
+/* Returns a string version of the HTTP method. */
+const char *http_method_str(enum http_method m);
 
+/* Return a string name of the given error */
+const char *http_errno_name(enum http_errno err);
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    namespace mustache
-    {
-        using context = json::wvalue;
+/* Return a string description of the given error */
+const char *http_errno_description(enum http_errno err);
 
-        template_t load(const std::string& filename);
+/* Parse a URL; return nonzero on failure */
+int http_parser_parse_url(const char *buf, size_t buflen,
+                          int is_connect,
+                          struct http_parser_url *u);
 
-        class invalid_template_exception : public std::exception
-        {
-            public:
-            invalid_template_exception(const std::string& msg)
-                : msg("crow::mustache error: " + msg)
-            {
-            }
-            virtual const char* what() const throw()
-            {
-                return msg.c_str();
-            }
-            std::string msg;
-        };
+/* Pause or un-pause the parser; a nonzero value pauses */
+void http_parser_pause(http_parser *parser, int paused);
 
-        enum class ActionType
-        {
-            Ignore,
-            Tag,
-            UnescapeTag,
-            OpenBlock,
-            CloseBlock,
-            ElseBlock,
-            Partial,
-        };
+/* Checks if this is the final chunk of the body. */
+int http_body_is_final(const http_parser *parser);
 
-        struct Action
-        {
-            int start;
-            int end;
-            int pos;
-            ActionType t;
-            Action(ActionType t, int start, int end, int pos = 0) 
-                : start(start), end(end), pos(pos), t(t)
-            {}
-        };
+/*#include "http_parser.h"*/
+/* Based on src/http/ngx_http_parse.c from NGINX copyright Igor Sysoev
+ *
+ * Additional changes are licensed under the same terms as NGINX and
+ * copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <limits.h>
 
-        class template_t 
-        {
-        public:
-            template_t(std::string body)
-                : body_(std::move(body))
-            {
-                // {{ {{# {{/ {{^ {{! {{> {{=
-                parse();
-            }
+#ifndef ULLONG_MAX
+# define ULLONG_MAX ((uint64_t) -1) /* 2^64-1 */
+#endif
 
-        private:
-            std::string tag_name(const Action& action)
-            {
-                return body_.substr(action.start, action.end - action.start);
-            }
-            auto find_context(const std::string& name, const std::vector<context*>& stack)->std::pair<bool, context&>
-            {
-                if (name == ".")
-                {
-                    return {true, *stack.back()};
-                }
-                int dotPosition = name.find(".");
-                if (dotPosition == (int)name.npos)
-                {
-                    for(auto it = stack.rbegin(); it != stack.rend(); ++it)
-                    {
-                        if ((*it)->t() == json::type::Object)
-                        {
-                            if ((*it)->count(name))
-                                return {true, (**it)[name]};
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    std::vector<int> dotPositions;
-                    dotPositions.push_back(-1);
-                    while(dotPosition != (int)name.npos)
-                    {
-                        dotPositions.push_back(dotPosition);
-                        dotPosition = name.find(".", dotPosition+1);
-                    }
-                    dotPositions.push_back(name.size());
-                    std::vector<std::string> names;
-                    names.reserve(dotPositions.size()-1);
-                    for(int i = 1; i < (int)dotPositions.size(); i ++)
-                        names.emplace_back(name.substr(dotPositions[i-1]+1, dotPositions[i]-dotPositions[i-1]-1));
-
-                    for(auto it = stack.rbegin(); it != stack.rend(); ++it)
-                    {
-                        context* view = *it;
-                        bool found = true;
-                        for(auto jt = names.begin(); jt != names.end(); ++jt)
-                        {
-                            if (view->t() == json::type::Object &&
-                                view->count(*jt))
-                            {
-                                view = &(*view)[*jt];
-                            }
-                            else
-                            {
-                                found = false;
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if (found)
-                            return {true, *view};
-                    }
+#ifndef MIN
+# define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#endif
 
-                }
+#ifndef ARRAY_SIZE
+# define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof((a)[0]))
+#endif
 
-                static json::wvalue empty_str;
-                empty_str = "";
-                return {false, empty_str};
-            }
+#ifndef BIT_AT
+# define BIT_AT(a, i)                                                \
+  (!!((unsigned int) (a)[(unsigned int) (i) >> 3] &                  \
+   (1 << ((unsigned int) (i) & 7))))
+#endif
 
-            void escape(const std::string& in, std::string& out)
-            {
-                out.reserve(out.size() + in.size());
-                for(auto it = in.begin(); it != in.end(); ++it)
-                {
-                    switch(*it)
-                    {
-                        case '&': out += "&amp;"; break;
-                        case '<': out += "&lt;"; break;
-                        case '>': out += "&gt;"; break;
-                        case '"': out += "&quot;"; break;
-                        case '\'': out += "&#39;"; break;
-                        case '/': out += "&#x2F;"; break;
-                        default: out += *it; break;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+#ifndef ELEM_AT
+# define ELEM_AT(a, i, v) ((unsigned int) (i) < ARRAY_SIZE(a) ? (a)[(i)] : (v))
+#endif
 
-            void render_internal(int actionBegin, int actionEnd, std::vector<context*>& stack, std::string& out, int indent)
-            {
-                int current = actionBegin;
+#define SET_ERRNO(e)                                                 \
+do {                                                                 \
+  parser->http_errno = (e);                                          \
+} while(0)
 
-                if (indent)
-                    out.insert(out.size(), indent, ' ');
 
-                while(current < actionEnd)
-                {
-                    auto& fragment = fragments_[current];
-                    auto& action = actions_[current];
-                    render_fragment(fragment, indent, out);
-                    switch(action.t)
-                    {
-                        case ActionType::Ignore:
-                            // do nothing
-                            break;
-                        case ActionType::Partial:
-                            {
-                                std::string partial_name = tag_name(action);
-                                auto partial_templ = load(partial_name);
-                                int partial_indent = action.pos;
-                                partial_templ.render_internal(0, partial_templ.fragments_.size()-1, stack, out, partial_indent?indent+partial_indent:0);
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        case ActionType::UnescapeTag:
-                        case ActionType::Tag:
-                            {
-                                auto optional_ctx = find_context(tag_name(action), stack);
-                                auto& ctx = optional_ctx.second;
-                                switch(ctx.t())
-                                {
-                                    case json::type::Number:
-                                        out += json::dump(ctx);
-                                        break;
-                                    case json::type::String:
-                                        if (action.t == ActionType::Tag)
-                                            escape(ctx.s, out);
-                                        else
-                                            out += ctx.s;
-                                        break;
-                                    default:
-                                        throw std::runtime_error("not implemented tag type" + boost::lexical_cast<std::string>((int)ctx.t()));
-                                }
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        case ActionType::ElseBlock:
-                            {
-                                static context nullContext;
-                                auto optional_ctx = find_context(tag_name(action), stack);
-                                if (!optional_ctx.first)
-                                {
-                                    stack.emplace_back(&nullContext);
-                                    break;
-                                }
+/* Run the notify callback FOR, returning ER if it fails */
+#define CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, ER)                                    \
+do {                                                                 \
+  assert(HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK);                       \
+                                                                     \
+  if (settings->on_##FOR) {                                          \
+    if (0 != settings->on_##FOR(parser)) {                           \
+      SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_##FOR);                                       \
+    }                                                                \
+                                                                     \
+    /* We either errored above or got paused; get out */             \
+    if (HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {                       \
+      return (ER);                                                   \
+    }                                                                \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
 
-                                auto& ctx = optional_ctx.second;
-                                switch(ctx.t())
-                                {
-                                    case json::type::List:
-                                        if (ctx.l && !ctx.l->empty())
-                                            current = action.pos;
-                                        else
-                                            stack.emplace_back(&nullContext);
-                                        break;
-                                    case json::type::False:
-                                    case json::type::Null:
-                                        stack.emplace_back(&nullContext);
-                                        break;
-                                    default:
-                                        current = action.pos;
-                                        break;
-                                }
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        case ActionType::OpenBlock:
-                            {
-                                auto optional_ctx = find_context(tag_name(action), stack);
-                                if (!optional_ctx.first)
-                                {
-                                    current = action.pos;
-                                    break;
-                                }
+/* Run the notify callback FOR and consume the current byte */
+#define CALLBACK_NOTIFY(FOR)            CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, p - data + 1)
 
-                                auto& ctx = optional_ctx.second;
-                                switch(ctx.t())
-                                {
-                                    case json::type::List:
-                                        if (ctx.l)
-                                            for(auto it = ctx.l->begin(); it != ctx.l->end(); ++it)
-                                            {
-                                                stack.push_back(&*it);
-                                                render_internal(current+1, action.pos, stack, out, indent);
-                                                stack.pop_back();
-                                            }
-                                        current = action.pos;
-                                        break;
-                                    case json::type::Number:
-                                    case json::type::String:
-                                    case json::type::Object:
-                                    case json::type::True:
-                                        stack.push_back(&ctx);
-                                        break;
-                                    case json::type::False:
-                                    case json::type::Null:
-                                        current = action.pos;
-                                        break;
-                                    default:
-                                        throw std::runtime_error("{{#: not implemented context type: " + boost::lexical_cast<std::string>((int)ctx.t()));
-                                        break;
-                                }
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        case ActionType::CloseBlock:
-                            stack.pop_back();
-                            break;
-                        default:
-                            throw std::runtime_error("not implemented " + boost::lexical_cast<std::string>((int)action.t));
-                    }
-                    current++;
-                }
-                auto& fragment = fragments_[actionEnd];
-                render_fragment(fragment, indent, out);
-            }
-            void render_fragment(const std::pair<int, int> fragment, int indent, std::string& out)
-            {
-                if (indent)
-                {
-                    for(int i = fragment.first; i < fragment.second; i ++)
-                    {
-                        out += body_[i];
-                        if (body_[i] == '\n' && i+1 != (int)body_.size())
-                            out.insert(out.size(), indent, ' ');
-                    }
-                }
-                else
-                    out.insert(out.size(), body_, fragment.first, fragment.second-fragment.first);
-            }
-        public:
-            std::string render()
-            {
-                context empty_ctx;
-                std::vector<context*> stack;
-                stack.emplace_back(&empty_ctx);
+/* Run the notify callback FOR and don't consume the current byte */
+#define CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE(FOR)  CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, p - data)
 
-                std::string ret;
-                render_internal(0, fragments_.size()-1, stack, ret, 0);
-                return ret;
-            }
-            std::string render(context& ctx)
-            {
-                std::vector<context*> stack;
-                stack.emplace_back(&ctx);
+/* Run data callback FOR with LEN bytes, returning ER if it fails */
+#define CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, LEN, ER)                                 \
+do {                                                                 \
+  assert(HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK);                       \
+                                                                     \
+  if (FOR##_mark) {                                                  \
+    if (settings->on_##FOR) {                                        \
+      if (0 != settings->on_##FOR(parser, FOR##_mark, (LEN))) {      \
+        SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_##FOR);                                     \
+      }                                                              \
+                                                                     \
+      /* We either errored above or got paused; get out */           \
+      if (HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {                     \
+        return (ER);                                                 \
+      }                                                              \
+    }                                                                \
+    FOR##_mark = NULL;                                               \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
+  
+/* Run the data callback FOR and consume the current byte */
+#define CALLBACK_DATA(FOR)                                           \
+    CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, p - FOR##_mark, p - data + 1)
 
-                std::string ret;
-                render_internal(0, fragments_.size()-1, stack, ret, 0);
-                return ret;
-            }
+/* Run the data callback FOR and don't consume the current byte */
+#define CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(FOR)                                 \
+    CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, p - FOR##_mark, p - data)
 
-        private:
+/* Set the mark FOR; non-destructive if mark is already set */
+#define MARK(FOR)                                                    \
+do {                                                                 \
+  if (!FOR##_mark) {                                                 \
+    FOR##_mark = p;                                                  \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
 
-            void parse()
-            {
-                std::string tag_open = "{{";
-                std::string tag_close = "}}";
 
-                std::vector<int> blockPositions;
-                
-                size_t current = 0;
-                while(1)
-                {
-                    size_t idx = body_.find(tag_open, current);
-                    if (idx == body_.npos)
-                    {
-                        fragments_.emplace_back(current, body_.size());
-                        actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Ignore, 0, 0);
-                        break;
-                    }
-                    fragments_.emplace_back(current, idx);
+#define PROXY_CONNECTION "proxy-connection"
+#define CONNECTION "connection"
+#define CONTENT_LENGTH "content-length"
+#define TRANSFER_ENCODING "transfer-encoding"
+#define UPGRADE "upgrade"
+#define CHUNKED "chunked"
+#define KEEP_ALIVE "keep-alive"
+#define CLOSE "close"
 
-                    idx += tag_open.size();
-                    size_t endIdx = body_.find(tag_close, idx);
-                    if (endIdx == idx)
-                    {
-                        throw invalid_template_exception("empty tag is not allowed");
-                    }
-                    if (endIdx == body_.npos)
-                    {
-                        // error, no matching tag
-                        throw invalid_template_exception("not matched opening tag");
-                    }
-                    current = endIdx + tag_close.size();
-                    switch(body_[idx])
-                    {
-                        case '#':
-                            idx++;
-                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
-                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
-                            blockPositions.emplace_back(actions_.size());
-                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::OpenBlock, idx, endIdx);
-                            break;
-                        case '/':
-                            idx++;
-                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
-                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
-                            {
-                                auto& matched = actions_[blockPositions.back()];
-                                if (body_.compare(idx, endIdx-idx, 
-                                        body_, matched.start, matched.end - matched.start) != 0)
-                                {
-                                    throw invalid_template_exception("not matched {{# {{/ pair: " + 
-                                        body_.substr(matched.start, matched.end - matched.start) + ", " + 
-                                        body_.substr(idx, endIdx-idx));
-                                }
-                                matched.pos = actions_.size();
-                            }
-                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::CloseBlock, idx, endIdx, blockPositions.back());
-                            blockPositions.pop_back();
-                            break;
-                        case '^':
-                            idx++;
-                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
-                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
-                            blockPositions.emplace_back(actions_.size());
-                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::ElseBlock, idx, endIdx);
-                            break;
-                        case '!':
-                            // do nothing action
-                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Ignore, idx+1, endIdx);
-                            break;
-                        case '>': // partial
-                            idx++;
-                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
-                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
-                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Partial, idx, endIdx);
-                            break;
-                        case '{':
-                            if (tag_open != "{{" || tag_close != "}}")
-                                throw invalid_template_exception("cannot use triple mustache when delimiter changed");
 
-                            idx ++;
-                            if (body_[endIdx+2] != '}')
-                            {
-                                throw invalid_template_exception("{{{: }}} not matched");
-                            }
-                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
-                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
-                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::UnescapeTag, idx, endIdx);
-                            current++;
-                            break;
-                        case '&':
-                            idx ++;
-                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
-                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
-                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::UnescapeTag, idx, endIdx);
-                            break;
-                        case '=':
-                            // tag itself is no-op
-                            idx ++;
-                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Ignore, idx, endIdx);
-                            endIdx --;
-                            if (body_[endIdx] != '=')
-                                throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: not matching = tag: "+body_.substr(idx, endIdx-idx));
-                            endIdx --;
-                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
-                            while(body_[endIdx] == ' ') endIdx--;
-                            endIdx++;
-                            {
-                                bool succeeded = false;
-                                for(size_t i = idx; i < endIdx; i++)
-                                {
-                                    if (body_[i] == ' ')
-                                    {
-                                        tag_open = body_.substr(idx, i-idx);
-                                        while(body_[i] == ' ') i++;
-                                        tag_close = body_.substr(i, endIdx-i);
-                                        if (tag_open.empty())
-                                            throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: empty open tag");
-                                        if (tag_close.empty())
-                                            throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: empty close tag");
 
-                                        if (tag_close.find(" ") != tag_close.npos)
-                                            throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: invalid open/close tag: "+tag_open+" " + tag_close);
-                                        succeeded = true;
-                                        break;
-                                    }
-                                }
-                                if (!succeeded)
-                                    throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: cannot find space between new open/close tags");
-                            }
-                            break;
-                        default:
-                            // normal tag case;
-                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
-                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
-                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Tag, idx, endIdx);
-                            break;
-                    }
-                }
 
-                // removing standalones
-                for(int i = actions_.size()-2; i >= 0; i --)
-                {
-                    if (actions_[i].t == ActionType::Tag || actions_[i].t == ActionType::UnescapeTag)
-                        continue;
-                    auto& fragment_before = fragments_[i];
-                    auto& fragment_after = fragments_[i+1];
-                    bool is_last_action = i == (int)actions_.size()-2;
-                    bool all_space_before = true;
-                    int j, k;
-                    for(j = fragment_before.second-1;j >= fragment_before.first;j--)
-                    {
-                        if (body_[j] != ' ')
-                        {
-                            all_space_before = false;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (all_space_before && i > 0)
-                        continue;
-                    if (!all_space_before && body_[j] != '\n')
-                        continue;
-                    bool all_space_after = true;
-                    for(k = fragment_after.first; k < (int)body_.size() && k < fragment_after.second; k ++)
-                    {
-                        if (body_[k] != ' ')
-                        {
-                            all_space_after = false;
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    if (all_space_after && !is_last_action)
-                        continue;
-                    if (!all_space_after && 
-                            !(
-                                body_[k] == '\n' 
-                            || 
-                                (body_[k] == '\r' && 
-                                k + 1 < (int)body_.size() && 
-                                body_[k+1] == '\n')))
-                        continue;
-                    if (actions_[i].t == ActionType::Partial)
-                    {
-                        actions_[i].pos = fragment_before.second - j - 1;
-                    }
-                    fragment_before.second = j+1;
-                    if (!all_space_after)
-                    {
-                        if (body_[k] == '\n')
-                            k++;
-                        else 
-                            k += 2;
-                        fragment_after.first = k;
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            
-            std::vector<std::pair<int,int>> fragments_;
-            std::vector<Action> actions_;
-            std::string body_;
-        };
+enum state
+  { s_dead = 1 /* important that this is > 0 */
 
-        inline template_t compile(const std::string& body)
-        {
-            return template_t(body);
-        }
-        namespace detail
-        {
-            inline std::string& get_template_base_directory_ref()
-            {
-                static std::string template_base_directory = "templates";
-                return template_base_directory;
-            }
-        }
+  , s_start_req_or_res
+  , s_res_or_resp_H
+  , s_start_res
+  , s_res_H
+  , s_res_HT
+  , s_res_HTT
+  , s_res_HTTP
+  , s_res_first_http_major
+  , s_res_http_major
+  , s_res_first_http_minor
+  , s_res_http_minor
+  , s_res_first_status_code
+  , s_res_status_code
+  , s_res_status_start
+  , s_res_status
+  , s_res_line_almost_done
 
-        inline std::string default_loader(const std::string& filename)
-        {
-            std::ifstream inf(detail::get_template_base_directory_ref() + filename);
-            if (!inf)
-                return {};
-            return {std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(inf), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>()};
-        }
+  , s_start_req
 
-        namespace detail
-        {
-            inline std::function<std::string (std::string)>& get_loader_ref()
-            {
-                static std::function<std::string (std::string)> loader = default_loader;
-                return loader;
-            }
-        }
+  , s_req_method
+  , s_req_spaces_before_url
+  , s_req_schema
+  , s_req_schema_slash
+  , s_req_schema_slash_slash
+  , s_req_server_start
+  , s_req_server
+  , s_req_server_with_at
+  , s_req_path
+  , s_req_query_string_start
+  , s_req_query_string
+  , s_req_fragment_start
+  , s_req_fragment
+  , s_req_http_start
+  , s_req_http_H
+  , s_req_http_HT
+  , s_req_http_HTT
+  , s_req_http_HTTP
+  , s_req_first_http_major
+  , s_req_http_major
+  , s_req_first_http_minor
+  , s_req_http_minor
+  , s_req_line_almost_done
 
-        inline void set_base(const std::string& path)
-        {
-            auto& base = detail::get_template_base_directory_ref();
-            base = path;
-            if (base.back() != '\\' && 
-                base.back() != '/')
-            {
-                base += '/';
-            }
-        }
+  , s_header_field_start
+  , s_header_field
+  , s_header_value_discard_ws
+  , s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done
+  , s_header_value_discard_lws
+  , s_header_value_start
+  , s_header_value
+  , s_header_value_lws
 
-        inline void set_loader(std::function<std::string(std::string)> loader)
-        {
-            detail::get_loader_ref() = std::move(loader);
-        }
+  , s_header_almost_done
 
-        inline template_t load(const std::string& filename)
-        {
-            return compile(detail::get_loader_ref()(filename));
-        }
-    }
-}
+  , s_chunk_size_start
+  , s_chunk_size
+  , s_chunk_parameters
+  , s_chunk_size_almost_done
 
+  , s_headers_almost_done
+  , s_headers_done
 
+  /* Important: 's_headers_done' must be the last 'header' state. All
+   * states beyond this must be 'body' states. It is used for overflow
+   * checking. See the PARSING_HEADER() macro.
+   */
 
-/* merged revision: 5b951d74bd66ec9d38448e0a85b1cf8b85d97db3 */
-/* Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
- * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
- * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
- * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
- * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
- * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
- * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
- * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
- * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
- * IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-#ifndef http_parser_h
-#define http_parser_h
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
+  , s_chunk_data
+  , s_chunk_data_almost_done
+  , s_chunk_data_done
 
-/* Also update SONAME in the Makefile whenever you change these. */
-#define HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MAJOR 2
-#define HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MINOR 3
-#define HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_PATCH 0
+  , s_body_identity
+  , s_body_identity_eof
 
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER<1600)
-#include <BaseTsd.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-typedef __int8 int8_t;
-typedef unsigned __int8 uint8_t;
-typedef __int16 int16_t;
-typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
-typedef __int32 int32_t;
-typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
-typedef __int64 int64_t;
-typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
-#else
-#include <stdint.h>
-#endif
+  , s_message_done
+  };
 
-/* Compile with -DHTTP_PARSER_STRICT=0 to make less checks, but run
- * faster
- */
-#ifndef HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
-# define HTTP_PARSER_STRICT 1
-#endif
 
-/* Maximium header size allowed. If the macro is not defined
- * before including this header then the default is used. To
- * change the maximum header size, define the macro in the build
- * environment (e.g. -DHTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE=<value>). To remove
- * the effective limit on the size of the header, define the macro
- * to a very large number (e.g. -DHTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE=0x7fffffff)
- */
-#ifndef HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE
-# define HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE (80*1024)
-#endif
+#define PARSING_HEADER(state) (state <= s_headers_done)
 
-typedef struct http_parser http_parser;
-typedef struct http_parser_settings http_parser_settings;
 
+enum header_states
+  { h_general = 0
+  , h_C
+  , h_CO
+  , h_CON
 
-/* Callbacks should return non-zero to indicate an error. The parser will
- * then halt execution.
- *
- * The one exception is on_headers_complete. In a HTTP_RESPONSE parser
- * returning '1' from on_headers_complete will tell the parser that it
- * should not expect a body. This is used when receiving a response to a
- * HEAD request which may contain 'Content-Length' or 'Transfer-Encoding:
- * chunked' headers that indicate the presence of a body.
- *
- * http_data_cb does not return data chunks. It will be call arbitrarally
- * many times for each string. E.G. you might get 10 callbacks for "on_url"
- * each providing just a few characters more data.
- */
-typedef int (*http_data_cb) (http_parser*, const char *at, size_t length);
-typedef int (*http_cb) (http_parser*);
+  , h_matching_connection
+  , h_matching_proxy_connection
+  , h_matching_content_length
+  , h_matching_transfer_encoding
+  , h_matching_upgrade
 
+  , h_connection
+  , h_content_length
+  , h_transfer_encoding
+  , h_upgrade
 
-/* Request Methods */
-#define HTTP_METHOD_MAP(XX)         \
-  XX(0,  DELETE,      DELETE)       \
-  XX(1,  GET,         GET)          \
-  XX(2,  HEAD,        HEAD)         \
-  XX(3,  POST,        POST)         \
-  XX(4,  PUT,         PUT)          \
-  /* pathological */                \
-  XX(5,  CONNECT,     CONNECT)      \
-  XX(6,  OPTIONS,     OPTIONS)      \
-  XX(7,  TRACE,       TRACE)        \
-  /* webdav */                      \
-  XX(8,  COPY,        COPY)         \
-  XX(9,  LOCK,        LOCK)         \
-  XX(10, MKCOL,       MKCOL)        \
-  XX(11, MOVE,        MOVE)         \
-  XX(12, PROPFIND,    PROPFIND)     \
-  XX(13, PROPPATCH,   PROPPATCH)    \
-  XX(14, SEARCH,      SEARCH)       \
-  XX(15, UNLOCK,      UNLOCK)       \
-  /* subversion */                  \
-  XX(16, REPORT,      REPORT)       \
-  XX(17, MKACTIVITY,  MKACTIVITY)   \
-  XX(18, CHECKOUT,    CHECKOUT)     \
-  XX(19, MERGE,       MERGE)        \
-  /* upnp */                        \
-  XX(20, MSEARCH,     M-SEARCH)     \
-  XX(21, NOTIFY,      NOTIFY)       \
-  XX(22, SUBSCRIBE,   SUBSCRIBE)    \
-  XX(23, UNSUBSCRIBE, UNSUBSCRIBE)  \
-  /* RFC-5789 */                    \
-  XX(24, PATCH,       PATCH)        \
-  XX(25, PURGE,       PURGE)        \
-  /* CalDAV */                      \
-  XX(26, MKCALENDAR,  MKCALENDAR)   \
+  , h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked
+  , h_matching_connection_keep_alive
+  , h_matching_connection_close
 
-enum http_method
-  {
-#define XX(num, name, string) HTTP_##name = num,
-  HTTP_METHOD_MAP(XX)
-#undef XX
+  , h_transfer_encoding_chunked
+  , h_connection_keep_alive
+  , h_connection_close
   };
 
-
-enum http_parser_type { HTTP_REQUEST, HTTP_RESPONSE, HTTP_BOTH };
-
-
-/* Flag values for http_parser.flags field */
-enum flags
-  { F_CHUNKED               = 1 << 0
-  , F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE = 1 << 1
-  , F_CONNECTION_CLOSE      = 1 << 2
-  , F_TRAILING              = 1 << 3
-  , F_UPGRADE               = 1 << 4
-  , F_SKIPBODY              = 1 << 5
-  };
-
-
-/* Map for errno-related constants
- * 
- * The provided argument should be a macro that takes 2 arguments.
- */
-#define HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(XX)                                           \
-  /* No error */                                                     \
-  XX(OK, "success")                                                  \
-                                                                     \
-  /* Callback-related errors */                                      \
-  XX(CB_message_begin, "the on_message_begin callback failed")       \
-  XX(CB_url, "the on_url callback failed")                           \
-  XX(CB_header_field, "the on_header_field callback failed")         \
-  XX(CB_header_value, "the on_header_value callback failed")         \
-  XX(CB_headers_complete, "the on_headers_complete callback failed") \
-  XX(CB_body, "the on_body callback failed")                         \
-  XX(CB_message_complete, "the on_message_complete callback failed") \
-  XX(CB_status, "the on_status callback failed")                     \
-                                                                     \
-  /* Parsing-related errors */                                       \
-  XX(INVALID_EOF_STATE, "stream ended at an unexpected time")        \
-  XX(HEADER_OVERFLOW,                                                \
-     "too many header bytes seen; overflow detected")                \
-  XX(CLOSED_CONNECTION,                                              \
-     "data received after completed connection: close message")      \
-  XX(INVALID_VERSION, "invalid HTTP version")                        \
-  XX(INVALID_STATUS, "invalid HTTP status code")                     \
-  XX(INVALID_METHOD, "invalid HTTP method")                          \
-  XX(INVALID_URL, "invalid URL")                                     \
-  XX(INVALID_HOST, "invalid host")                                   \
-  XX(INVALID_PORT, "invalid port")                                   \
-  XX(INVALID_PATH, "invalid path")                                   \
-  XX(INVALID_QUERY_STRING, "invalid query string")                   \
-  XX(INVALID_FRAGMENT, "invalid fragment")                           \
-  XX(LF_EXPECTED, "LF character expected")                           \
-  XX(INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN, "invalid character in header")            \
-  XX(INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH,                                         \
-     "invalid character in content-length header")                   \
-  XX(INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE,                                             \
-     "invalid character in chunk size header")                       \
-  XX(INVALID_CONSTANT, "invalid constant string")                    \
-  XX(INVALID_INTERNAL_STATE, "encountered unexpected internal state")\
-  XX(STRICT, "strict mode assertion failed")                         \
-  XX(PAUSED, "parser is paused")                                     \
-  XX(UNKNOWN, "an unknown error occurred")
-
-
-/* Define HPE_* values for each errno value above */
-#define HTTP_ERRNO_GEN(n, s) HPE_##n,
-enum http_errno {
-  HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(HTTP_ERRNO_GEN)
+enum http_host_state
+  {
+    s_http_host_dead = 1
+  , s_http_userinfo_start
+  , s_http_userinfo
+  , s_http_host_start
+  , s_http_host_v6_start
+  , s_http_host
+  , s_http_host_v6
+  , s_http_host_v6_end
+  , s_http_host_port_start
+  , s_http_host_port
 };
-#undef HTTP_ERRNO_GEN
-
-
-/* Get an http_errno value from an http_parser */
-#define HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(p)            ((enum http_errno) (p)->http_errno)
-
-
-struct http_parser {
-  /** PRIVATE **/
-  unsigned int type : 2;         /* enum http_parser_type */
-  unsigned int flags : 6;        /* F_* values from 'flags' enum; semi-public */
-  unsigned int state : 8;        /* enum state from http_parser.c */
-  unsigned int header_state : 8; /* enum header_state from http_parser.c */
-  unsigned int index : 8;        /* index into current matcher */
 
-  uint32_t nread;          /* # bytes read in various scenarios */
-  uint64_t content_length; /* # bytes in body (0 if no Content-Length header) */
+/* Macros for character classes; depends on strict-mode  */
+#define CR                  '\r'
+#define LF                  '\n'
+#define LOWER(c)            (unsigned char)(c | 0x20)
+#define IS_ALPHA(c)         (LOWER(c) >= 'a' && LOWER(c) <= 'z')
+#define IS_NUM(c)           ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9')
+#define IS_ALPHANUM(c)      (IS_ALPHA(c) || IS_NUM(c))
+#define IS_HEX(c)           (IS_NUM(c) || (LOWER(c) >= 'a' && LOWER(c) <= 'f'))
+#define IS_MARK(c)          ((c) == '-' || (c) == '_' || (c) == '.' || \
+  (c) == '!' || (c) == '~' || (c) == '*' || (c) == '\'' || (c) == '(' || \
+  (c) == ')')
+#define IS_USERINFO_CHAR(c) (IS_ALPHANUM(c) || IS_MARK(c) || (c) == '%' || \
+  (c) == ';' || (c) == ':' || (c) == '&' || (c) == '=' || (c) == '+' || \
+  (c) == '$' || (c) == ',')
 
-  /** READ-ONLY **/
-  unsigned short http_major;
-  unsigned short http_minor;
-  unsigned int status_code : 16; /* responses only */
-  unsigned int method : 8;       /* requests only */
-  unsigned int http_errno : 7;
+#if HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+#define TOKEN(c)            (tokens[(unsigned char)c])
+#define IS_URL_CHAR(c)      (BIT_AT(normal_url_char, (unsigned char)c))
+#define IS_HOST_CHAR(c)     (IS_ALPHANUM(c) || (c) == '.' || (c) == '-')
+#else
+#define TOKEN(c)            ((c == ' ') ? ' ' : tokens[(unsigned char)c])
+#define IS_URL_CHAR(c)                                                         \
+  (BIT_AT(normal_url_char, (unsigned char)c) || ((c) & 0x80))
+#define IS_HOST_CHAR(c)                                                        \
+  (IS_ALPHANUM(c) || (c) == '.' || (c) == '-' || (c) == '_')
+#endif
 
-  /* 1 = Upgrade header was present and the parser has exited because of that.
-   * 0 = No upgrade header present.
-   * Should be checked when http_parser_execute() returns in addition to
-   * error checking.
-   */
-  unsigned int upgrade : 1;
 
-  /** PUBLIC **/
-  void *data; /* A pointer to get hook to the "connection" or "socket" object */
-};
+#define start_state (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST ? s_start_req : s_start_res)
 
 
-struct http_parser_settings {
-  http_cb      on_message_begin;
-  http_data_cb on_url;
-  http_data_cb on_status;
-  http_data_cb on_header_field;
-  http_data_cb on_header_value;
-  http_cb      on_headers_complete;
-  http_data_cb on_body;
-  http_cb      on_message_complete;
-};
+#if HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+# define STRICT_CHECK(cond)                                          \
+do {                                                                 \
+  if (cond) {                                                        \
+    SET_ERRNO(HPE_STRICT);                                           \
+    goto error;                                                      \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
+# define NEW_MESSAGE() (http_should_keep_alive(parser) ? start_state : s_dead)
+#else
+# define STRICT_CHECK(cond)
+# define NEW_MESSAGE() start_state
+#endif
 
 
-enum http_parser_url_fields
-  { UF_SCHEMA           = 0
-  , UF_HOST             = 1
-  , UF_PORT             = 2
-  , UF_PATH             = 3
-  , UF_QUERY            = 4
-  , UF_FRAGMENT         = 5
-  , UF_USERINFO         = 6
-  , UF_MAX              = 7
-  };
 
+int http_message_needs_eof(const http_parser *parser);
 
-/* Result structure for http_parser_parse_url().
+/* Our URL parser.
  *
- * Callers should index into field_data[] with UF_* values iff field_set
- * has the relevant (1 << UF_*) bit set. As a courtesy to clients (and
- * because we probably have padding left over), we convert any port to
- * a uint16_t.
+ * This is designed to be shared by http_parser_execute() for URL validation,
+ * hence it has a state transition + byte-for-byte interface. In addition, it
+ * is meant to be embedded in http_parser_parse_url(), which does the dirty
+ * work of turning state transitions URL components for its API.
+ *
+ * This function should only be invoked with non-space characters. It is
+ * assumed that the caller cares about (and can detect) the transition between
+ * URL and non-URL states by looking for these.
  */
-struct http_parser_url {
-  uint16_t field_set;           /* Bitmask of (1 << UF_*) values */
-  uint16_t port;                /* Converted UF_PORT string */
+inline enum state
+parse_url_char(enum state s, const char ch)
+{
+#if HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+# define T(v) 0
+#else
+# define T(v) v
+#endif
 
-  struct {
-    uint16_t off;               /* Offset into buffer in which field starts */
-    uint16_t len;               /* Length of run in buffer */
-  } field_data[UF_MAX];
-};
 
+static const uint8_t normal_url_char[32] = {
+/*   0 nul    1 soh    2 stx    3 etx    4 eot    5 enq    6 ack    7 bel  */
+        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*   8 bs     9 ht    10 nl    11 vt    12 np    13 cr    14 so    15 si   */
+        0    | T(2)   |   0    |   0    | T(16)  |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*  16 dle   17 dc1   18 dc2   19 dc3   20 dc4   21 nak   22 syn   23 etb */
+        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*  24 can   25 em    26 sub   27 esc   28 fs    29 gs    30 rs    31 us  */
+        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*  32 sp    33  !    34  "    35  #    36  $    37  %    38  &    39  '  */
+        0    |   2    |   4    |   0    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  40  (    41  )    42  *    43  +    44  ,    45  -    46  .    47  /  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  48  0    49  1    50  2    51  3    52  4    53  5    54  6    55  7  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  56  8    57  9    58  :    59  ;    60  <    61  =    62  >    63  ?  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |   0,
+/*  64  @    65  A    66  B    67  C    68  D    69  E    70  F    71  G  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  72  H    73  I    74  J    75  K    76  L    77  M    78  N    79  O  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  80  P    81  Q    82  R    83  S    84  T    85  U    86  V    87  W  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  88  X    89  Y    90  Z    91  [    92  \    93  ]    94  ^    95  _  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  96  `    97  a    98  b    99  c   100  d   101  e   102  f   103  g  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/* 104  h   105  i   106  j   107  k   108  l   109  m   110  n   111  o  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/* 112  p   113  q   114  r   115  s   116  t   117  u   118  v   119  w  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/* 120  x   121  y   122  z   123  {   124  |   125  }   126  ~   127 del */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |   0, };
 
-/* Returns the library version. Bits 16-23 contain the major version number,
- * bits 8-15 the minor version number and bits 0-7 the patch level.
- * Usage example:
- *
- *   unsigned long version = http_parser_version();
- *   unsigned major = (version >> 16) & 255;
- *   unsigned minor = (version >> 8) & 255;
- *   unsigned patch = version & 255;
- *   printf("http_parser v%u.%u.%u\n", major, minor, version);
- */
-unsigned long http_parser_version(void);
+#undef T
 
-void http_parser_init(http_parser *parser, enum http_parser_type type);
+  if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\r' || ch == '\n') {
+    return s_dead;
+  }
 
+#if HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+  if (ch == '\t' || ch == '\f') {
+    return s_dead;
+  }
+#endif
 
-size_t http_parser_execute(http_parser *parser,
-                           const http_parser_settings *settings,
-                           const char *data,
-                           size_t len);
+  switch (s) {
+    case s_req_spaces_before_url:
+      /* Proxied requests are followed by scheme of an absolute URI (alpha).
+       * All methods except CONNECT are followed by '/' or '*'.
+       */
 
+      if (ch == '/' || ch == '*') {
+        return s_req_path;
+      }
 
-/* If http_should_keep_alive() in the on_headers_complete or
- * on_message_complete callback returns 0, then this should be
- * the last message on the connection.
- * If you are the server, respond with the "Connection: close" header.
- * If you are the client, close the connection.
- */
-int http_should_keep_alive(const http_parser *parser);
+      if (IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
+        return s_req_schema;
+      }
 
-/* Returns a string version of the HTTP method. */
-const char *http_method_str(enum http_method m);
+      break;
 
-/* Return a string name of the given error */
-const char *http_errno_name(enum http_errno err);
+    case s_req_schema:
+      if (IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
+        return s;
+      }
 
-/* Return a string description of the given error */
-const char *http_errno_description(enum http_errno err);
+      if (ch == ':') {
+        return s_req_schema_slash;
+      }
 
-/* Parse a URL; return nonzero on failure */
-int http_parser_parse_url(const char *buf, size_t buflen,
-                          int is_connect,
-                          struct http_parser_url *u);
+      break;
 
-/* Pause or un-pause the parser; a nonzero value pauses */
-void http_parser_pause(http_parser *parser, int paused);
+    case s_req_schema_slash:
+      if (ch == '/') {
+        return s_req_schema_slash_slash;
+      }
 
-/* Checks if this is the final chunk of the body. */
-int http_body_is_final(const http_parser *parser);
+      break;
 
-/*#include "http_parser.h"*/
-/* Based on src/http/ngx_http_parse.c from NGINX copyright Igor Sysoev
- *
- * Additional changes are licensed under the same terms as NGINX and
- * copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
- * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
- * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
- * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
- * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
- * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
- * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
- * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
- * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
- * IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <limits.h>
+    case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
+      if (ch == '/') {
+        return s_req_server_start;
+      }
 
-#ifndef ULLONG_MAX
-# define ULLONG_MAX ((uint64_t) -1) /* 2^64-1 */
-#endif
+      break;
 
-#ifndef MIN
-# define MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
-#endif
+    case s_req_server_with_at:
+      if (ch == '@') {
+        return s_dead;
+      }
 
-#ifndef ARRAY_SIZE
-# define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof((a)[0]))
-#endif
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case s_req_server_start:
+    case s_req_server:
+      if (ch == '/') {
+        return s_req_path;
+      }
 
-#ifndef BIT_AT
-# define BIT_AT(a, i)                                                \
-  (!!((unsigned int) (a)[(unsigned int) (i) >> 3] &                  \
-   (1 << ((unsigned int) (i) & 7))))
-#endif
+      if (ch == '?') {
+        return s_req_query_string_start;
+      }
 
-#ifndef ELEM_AT
-# define ELEM_AT(a, i, v) ((unsigned int) (i) < ARRAY_SIZE(a) ? (a)[(i)] : (v))
-#endif
+      if (ch == '@') {
+        return s_req_server_with_at;
+      }
 
-#define SET_ERRNO(e)                                                 \
-do {                                                                 \
-  parser->http_errno = (e);                                          \
-} while(0)
+      if (IS_USERINFO_CHAR(ch) || ch == '[' || ch == ']') {
+        return s_req_server;
+      }
 
+      break;
 
-/* Run the notify callback FOR, returning ER if it fails */
-#define CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, ER)                                    \
-do {                                                                 \
-  assert(HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK);                       \
-                                                                     \
-  if (settings->on_##FOR) {                                          \
-    if (0 != settings->on_##FOR(parser)) {                           \
-      SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_##FOR);                                       \
-    }                                                                \
-                                                                     \
-    /* We either errored above or got paused; get out */             \
-    if (HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {                       \
-      return (ER);                                                   \
-    }                                                                \
-  }                                                                  \
-} while (0)
+    case s_req_path:
+      if (IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s;
+      }
 
-/* Run the notify callback FOR and consume the current byte */
-#define CALLBACK_NOTIFY(FOR)            CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, p - data + 1)
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+          return s_req_query_string_start;
 
-/* Run the notify callback FOR and don't consume the current byte */
-#define CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE(FOR)  CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, p - data)
+        case '#':
+          return s_req_fragment_start;
+      }
 
-/* Run data callback FOR with LEN bytes, returning ER if it fails */
-#define CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, LEN, ER)                                 \
-do {                                                                 \
-  assert(HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK);                       \
-                                                                     \
-  if (FOR##_mark) {                                                  \
-    if (settings->on_##FOR) {                                        \
-      if (0 != settings->on_##FOR(parser, FOR##_mark, (LEN))) {      \
-        SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_##FOR);                                     \
-      }                                                              \
-                                                                     \
-      /* We either errored above or got paused; get out */           \
-      if (HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {                     \
-        return (ER);                                                 \
-      }                                                              \
-    }                                                                \
-    FOR##_mark = NULL;                                               \
-  }                                                                  \
-} while (0)
-  
-/* Run the data callback FOR and consume the current byte */
-#define CALLBACK_DATA(FOR)                                           \
-    CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, p - FOR##_mark, p - data + 1)
+      break;
 
-/* Run the data callback FOR and don't consume the current byte */
-#define CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(FOR)                                 \
-    CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, p - FOR##_mark, p - data)
+    case s_req_query_string_start:
+    case s_req_query_string:
+      if (IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_req_query_string;
+      }
 
-/* Set the mark FOR; non-destructive if mark is already set */
-#define MARK(FOR)                                                    \
-do {                                                                 \
-  if (!FOR##_mark) {                                                 \
-    FOR##_mark = p;                                                  \
-  }                                                                  \
-} while (0)
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+          /* allow extra '?' in query string */
+          return s_req_query_string;
 
+        case '#':
+          return s_req_fragment_start;
+      }
 
-#define PROXY_CONNECTION "proxy-connection"
-#define CONNECTION "connection"
-#define CONTENT_LENGTH "content-length"
-#define TRANSFER_ENCODING "transfer-encoding"
-#define UPGRADE "upgrade"
-#define CHUNKED "chunked"
-#define KEEP_ALIVE "keep-alive"
-#define CLOSE "close"
+      break;
 
+    case s_req_fragment_start:
+      if (IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_req_fragment;
+      }
 
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+          return s_req_fragment;
 
+        case '#':
+          return s;
+      }
 
-enum state
-  { s_dead = 1 /* important that this is > 0 */
+      break;
 
-  , s_start_req_or_res
-  , s_res_or_resp_H
-  , s_start_res
-  , s_res_H
-  , s_res_HT
-  , s_res_HTT
-  , s_res_HTTP
-  , s_res_first_http_major
-  , s_res_http_major
-  , s_res_first_http_minor
-  , s_res_http_minor
-  , s_res_first_status_code
-  , s_res_status_code
-  , s_res_status_start
-  , s_res_status
-  , s_res_line_almost_done
+    case s_req_fragment:
+      if (IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s;
+      }
 
-  , s_start_req
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+        case '#':
+          return s;
+      }
 
-  , s_req_method
-  , s_req_spaces_before_url
-  , s_req_schema
-  , s_req_schema_slash
-  , s_req_schema_slash_slash
-  , s_req_server_start
-  , s_req_server
-  , s_req_server_with_at
-  , s_req_path
-  , s_req_query_string_start
-  , s_req_query_string
-  , s_req_fragment_start
-  , s_req_fragment
-  , s_req_http_start
-  , s_req_http_H
-  , s_req_http_HT
-  , s_req_http_HTT
-  , s_req_http_HTTP
-  , s_req_first_http_major
-  , s_req_http_major
-  , s_req_first_http_minor
-  , s_req_http_minor
-  , s_req_line_almost_done
-
-  , s_header_field_start
-  , s_header_field
-  , s_header_value_discard_ws
-  , s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done
-  , s_header_value_discard_lws
-  , s_header_value_start
-  , s_header_value
-  , s_header_value_lws
-
-  , s_header_almost_done
-
-  , s_chunk_size_start
-  , s_chunk_size
-  , s_chunk_parameters
-  , s_chunk_size_almost_done
-
-  , s_headers_almost_done
-  , s_headers_done
-
-  /* Important: 's_headers_done' must be the last 'header' state. All
-   * states beyond this must be 'body' states. It is used for overflow
-   * checking. See the PARSING_HEADER() macro.
-   */
-
-  , s_chunk_data
-  , s_chunk_data_almost_done
-  , s_chunk_data_done
-
-  , s_body_identity
-  , s_body_identity_eof
-
-  , s_message_done
-  };
-
-
-#define PARSING_HEADER(state) (state <= s_headers_done)
-
-
-enum header_states
-  { h_general = 0
-  , h_C
-  , h_CO
-  , h_CON
-
-  , h_matching_connection
-  , h_matching_proxy_connection
-  , h_matching_content_length
-  , h_matching_transfer_encoding
-  , h_matching_upgrade
-
-  , h_connection
-  , h_content_length
-  , h_transfer_encoding
-  , h_upgrade
+      break;
 
-  , h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked
-  , h_matching_connection_keep_alive
-  , h_matching_connection_close
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
 
-  , h_transfer_encoding_chunked
-  , h_connection_keep_alive
-  , h_connection_close
-  };
+  /* We should never fall out of the switch above unless there's an error */
+  return s_dead;
+}
 
-enum http_host_state
+inline size_t http_parser_execute (http_parser *parser,
+                            const http_parser_settings *settings,
+                            const char *data,
+                            size_t len)
+{
+static const char *method_strings[] =
   {
-    s_http_host_dead = 1
-  , s_http_userinfo_start
-  , s_http_userinfo
-  , s_http_host_start
-  , s_http_host_v6_start
-  , s_http_host
-  , s_http_host_v6
-  , s_http_host_v6_end
-  , s_http_host_port_start
-  , s_http_host_port
-};
-
-/* Macros for character classes; depends on strict-mode  */
-#define CR                  '\r'
-#define LF                  '\n'
-#define LOWER(c)            (unsigned char)(c | 0x20)
-#define IS_ALPHA(c)         (LOWER(c) >= 'a' && LOWER(c) <= 'z')
-#define IS_NUM(c)           ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9')
-#define IS_ALPHANUM(c)      (IS_ALPHA(c) || IS_NUM(c))
-#define IS_HEX(c)           (IS_NUM(c) || (LOWER(c) >= 'a' && LOWER(c) <= 'f'))
-#define IS_MARK(c)          ((c) == '-' || (c) == '_' || (c) == '.' || \
-  (c) == '!' || (c) == '~' || (c) == '*' || (c) == '\'' || (c) == '(' || \
-  (c) == ')')
-#define IS_USERINFO_CHAR(c) (IS_ALPHANUM(c) || IS_MARK(c) || (c) == '%' || \
-  (c) == ';' || (c) == ':' || (c) == '&' || (c) == '=' || (c) == '+' || \
-  (c) == '$' || (c) == ',')
-
-#if HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
-#define TOKEN(c)            (tokens[(unsigned char)c])
-#define IS_URL_CHAR(c)      (BIT_AT(normal_url_char, (unsigned char)c))
-#define IS_HOST_CHAR(c)     (IS_ALPHANUM(c) || (c) == '.' || (c) == '-')
-#else
-#define TOKEN(c)            ((c == ' ') ? ' ' : tokens[(unsigned char)c])
-#define IS_URL_CHAR(c)                                                         \
-  (BIT_AT(normal_url_char, (unsigned char)c) || ((c) & 0x80))
-#define IS_HOST_CHAR(c)                                                        \
-  (IS_ALPHANUM(c) || (c) == '.' || (c) == '-' || (c) == '_')
-#endif
-
-
-#define start_state (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST ? s_start_req : s_start_res)
-
-
-#if HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
-# define STRICT_CHECK(cond)                                          \
-do {                                                                 \
-  if (cond) {                                                        \
-    SET_ERRNO(HPE_STRICT);                                           \
-    goto error;                                                      \
-  }                                                                  \
-} while (0)
-# define NEW_MESSAGE() (http_should_keep_alive(parser) ? start_state : s_dead)
-#else
-# define STRICT_CHECK(cond)
-# define NEW_MESSAGE() start_state
-#endif
-
-
-
-int http_message_needs_eof(const http_parser *parser);
+#define XX(num, name, string) #string,
+  HTTP_METHOD_MAP(XX)
+#undef XX
+  };
 
-/* Our URL parser.
- *
- * This is designed to be shared by http_parser_execute() for URL validation,
- * hence it has a state transition + byte-for-byte interface. In addition, it
- * is meant to be embedded in http_parser_parse_url(), which does the dirty
- * work of turning state transitions URL components for its API.
- *
- * This function should only be invoked with non-space characters. It is
- * assumed that the caller cares about (and can detect) the transition between
- * URL and non-URL states by looking for these.
+/* Tokens as defined by rfc 2616. Also lowercases them.
+ *        token       = 1*<any CHAR except CTLs or separators>
+ *     separators     = "(" | ")" | "<" | ">" | "@"
+ *                    | "," | ";" | ":" | "\" | <">
+ *                    | "/" | "[" | "]" | "?" | "="
+ *                    | "{" | "}" | SP | HT
  */
-inline enum state
-parse_url_char(enum state s, const char ch)
-{
-#if HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
-# define T(v) 0
-#else
-# define T(v) v
-#endif
-
-
-static const uint8_t normal_url_char[32] = {
+static const char tokens[256] = {
 /*   0 nul    1 soh    2 stx    3 etx    4 eot    5 enq    6 ack    7 bel  */
-        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
 /*   8 bs     9 ht    10 nl    11 vt    12 np    13 cr    14 so    15 si   */
-        0    | T(2)   |   0    |   0    | T(16)  |   0    |   0    |   0,
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
 /*  16 dle   17 dc1   18 dc2   19 dc3   20 dc4   21 nak   22 syn   23 etb */
-        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
 /*  24 can   25 em    26 sub   27 esc   28 fs    29 gs    30 rs    31 us  */
-        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
 /*  32 sp    33  !    34  "    35  #    36  $    37  %    38  &    39  '  */
-        0    |   2    |   4    |   0    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+        0,      '!',      0,      '#',     '$',     '%',     '&',    '\'',
 /*  40  (    41  )    42  *    43  +    44  ,    45  -    46  .    47  /  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+        0,       0,      '*',     '+',      0,      '-',     '.',      0,
 /*  48  0    49  1    50  2    51  3    52  4    53  5    54  6    55  7  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+       '0',     '1',     '2',     '3',     '4',     '5',     '6',     '7',
 /*  56  8    57  9    58  :    59  ;    60  <    61  =    62  >    63  ?  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |   0,
+       '8',     '9',      0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
 /*  64  @    65  A    66  B    67  C    68  D    69  E    70  F    71  G  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+        0,      'a',     'b',     'c',     'd',     'e',     'f',     'g',
 /*  72  H    73  I    74  J    75  K    76  L    77  M    78  N    79  O  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+       'h',     'i',     'j',     'k',     'l',     'm',     'n',     'o',
 /*  80  P    81  Q    82  R    83  S    84  T    85  U    86  V    87  W  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+       'p',     'q',     'r',     's',     't',     'u',     'v',     'w',
 /*  88  X    89  Y    90  Z    91  [    92  \    93  ]    94  ^    95  _  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+       'x',     'y',     'z',      0,       0,       0,      '^',     '_',
 /*  96  `    97  a    98  b    99  c   100  d   101  e   102  f   103  g  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+       '`',     'a',     'b',     'c',     'd',     'e',     'f',     'g',
 /* 104  h   105  i   106  j   107  k   108  l   109  m   110  n   111  o  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+       'h',     'i',     'j',     'k',     'l',     'm',     'n',     'o',
 /* 112  p   113  q   114  r   115  s   116  t   117  u   118  v   119  w  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+       'p',     'q',     'r',     's',     't',     'u',     'v',     'w',
 /* 120  x   121  y   122  z   123  {   124  |   125  }   126  ~   127 del */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |   0, };
+       'x',     'y',     'z',      0,      '|',      0,      '~',       0 };
 
-#undef T
 
-  if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\r' || ch == '\n') {
-    return s_dead;
-  }
+static const int8_t unhex[256] =
+  {-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  , 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,10,11,12,13,14,15,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,10,11,12,13,14,15,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  };
 
-#if HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
-  if (ch == '\t' || ch == '\f') {
-    return s_dead;
-  }
-#endif
 
-  switch (s) {
-    case s_req_spaces_before_url:
-      /* Proxied requests are followed by scheme of an absolute URI (alpha).
-       * All methods except CONNECT are followed by '/' or '*'.
-       */
 
-      if (ch == '/' || ch == '*') {
-        return s_req_path;
-      }
+  char c, ch;
+  int8_t unhex_val;
+  const char *p = data;
+  const char *header_field_mark = 0;
+  const char *header_value_mark = 0;
+  const char *url_mark = 0;
+  const char *body_mark = 0;
+  const char *status_mark = 0;
 
-      if (IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
-        return s_req_schema;
-      }
+  /* We're in an error state. Don't bother doing anything. */
+  if (HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {
+    return 0;
+  }
 
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_schema:
-      if (IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
-        return s;
-      }
-
-      if (ch == ':') {
-        return s_req_schema_slash;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_schema_slash:
-      if (ch == '/') {
-        return s_req_schema_slash_slash;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
-      if (ch == '/') {
-        return s_req_server_start;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_server_with_at:
-      if (ch == '@') {
-        return s_dead;
-      }
-
-    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case s_req_server_start:
-    case s_req_server:
-      if (ch == '/') {
-        return s_req_path;
-      }
-
-      if (ch == '?') {
-        return s_req_query_string_start;
-      }
-
-      if (ch == '@') {
-        return s_req_server_with_at;
-      }
-
-      if (IS_USERINFO_CHAR(ch) || ch == '[' || ch == ']') {
-        return s_req_server;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_path:
-      if (IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s;
-      }
-
-      switch (ch) {
-        case '?':
-          return s_req_query_string_start;
-
-        case '#':
-          return s_req_fragment_start;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_query_string_start:
-    case s_req_query_string:
-      if (IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s_req_query_string;
-      }
-
-      switch (ch) {
-        case '?':
-          /* allow extra '?' in query string */
-          return s_req_query_string;
-
-        case '#':
-          return s_req_fragment_start;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_fragment_start:
-      if (IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s_req_fragment;
-      }
-
-      switch (ch) {
-        case '?':
-          return s_req_fragment;
-
-        case '#':
-          return s;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_fragment:
-      if (IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s;
-      }
-
-      switch (ch) {
-        case '?':
-        case '#':
-          return s;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-
-  /* We should never fall out of the switch above unless there's an error */
-  return s_dead;
-}
-
-inline size_t http_parser_execute (http_parser *parser,
-                            const http_parser_settings *settings,
-                            const char *data,
-                            size_t len)
-{
-static const char *method_strings[] =
-  {
-#define XX(num, name, string) #string,
-  HTTP_METHOD_MAP(XX)
-#undef XX
-  };
-
-/* Tokens as defined by rfc 2616. Also lowercases them.
- *        token       = 1*<any CHAR except CTLs or separators>
- *     separators     = "(" | ")" | "<" | ">" | "@"
- *                    | "," | ";" | ":" | "\" | <">
- *                    | "/" | "[" | "]" | "?" | "="
- *                    | "{" | "}" | SP | HT
- */
-static const char tokens[256] = {
-/*   0 nul    1 soh    2 stx    3 etx    4 eot    5 enq    6 ack    7 bel  */
-        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
-/*   8 bs     9 ht    10 nl    11 vt    12 np    13 cr    14 so    15 si   */
-        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
-/*  16 dle   17 dc1   18 dc2   19 dc3   20 dc4   21 nak   22 syn   23 etb */
-        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
-/*  24 can   25 em    26 sub   27 esc   28 fs    29 gs    30 rs    31 us  */
-        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
-/*  32 sp    33  !    34  "    35  #    36  $    37  %    38  &    39  '  */
-        0,      '!',      0,      '#',     '$',     '%',     '&',    '\'',
-/*  40  (    41  )    42  *    43  +    44  ,    45  -    46  .    47  /  */
-        0,       0,      '*',     '+',      0,      '-',     '.',      0,
-/*  48  0    49  1    50  2    51  3    52  4    53  5    54  6    55  7  */
-       '0',     '1',     '2',     '3',     '4',     '5',     '6',     '7',
-/*  56  8    57  9    58  :    59  ;    60  <    61  =    62  >    63  ?  */
-       '8',     '9',      0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
-/*  64  @    65  A    66  B    67  C    68  D    69  E    70  F    71  G  */
-        0,      'a',     'b',     'c',     'd',     'e',     'f',     'g',
-/*  72  H    73  I    74  J    75  K    76  L    77  M    78  N    79  O  */
-       'h',     'i',     'j',     'k',     'l',     'm',     'n',     'o',
-/*  80  P    81  Q    82  R    83  S    84  T    85  U    86  V    87  W  */
-       'p',     'q',     'r',     's',     't',     'u',     'v',     'w',
-/*  88  X    89  Y    90  Z    91  [    92  \    93  ]    94  ^    95  _  */
-       'x',     'y',     'z',      0,       0,       0,      '^',     '_',
-/*  96  `    97  a    98  b    99  c   100  d   101  e   102  f   103  g  */
-       '`',     'a',     'b',     'c',     'd',     'e',     'f',     'g',
-/* 104  h   105  i   106  j   107  k   108  l   109  m   110  n   111  o  */
-       'h',     'i',     'j',     'k',     'l',     'm',     'n',     'o',
-/* 112  p   113  q   114  r   115  s   116  t   117  u   118  v   119  w  */
-       'p',     'q',     'r',     's',     't',     'u',     'v',     'w',
-/* 120  x   121  y   122  z   123  {   124  |   125  }   126  ~   127 del */
-       'x',     'y',     'z',      0,      '|',      0,      '~',       0 };
-
-
-static const int8_t unhex[256] =
-  {-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  , 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,10,11,12,13,14,15,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,10,11,12,13,14,15,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  };
-
-
-
-  char c, ch;
-  int8_t unhex_val;
-  const char *p = data;
-  const char *header_field_mark = 0;
-  const char *header_value_mark = 0;
-  const char *url_mark = 0;
-  const char *body_mark = 0;
-  const char *status_mark = 0;
-
-  /* We're in an error state. Don't bother doing anything. */
-  if (HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  if (len == 0) {
-    switch (parser->state) {
-      case s_body_identity_eof:
-        /* Use of CALLBACK_NOTIFY() here would erroneously return 1 byte read if
-         * we got paused.
-         */
-        CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE(message_complete);
-        return 0;
+  if (len == 0) {
+    switch (parser->state) {
+      case s_body_identity_eof:
+        /* Use of CALLBACK_NOTIFY() here would erroneously return 1 byte read if
+         * we got paused.
+         */
+        CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE(message_complete);
+        return 0;
 
       case s_dead:
       case s_start_req_or_res:
@@ -4956,806 +3494,2147 @@ http_parser_version(void) {
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
-#include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
+//#define CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+
+#include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <memory>
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
+#include <boost/operators.hpp>
+#include <vector>
+
+#if defined(__GNUG__) || defined(__clang__)
+#define crow_json_likely(x) __builtin_expect(x, 1)
+#define crow_json_unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(x, 0)
+#else
+#define crow_json_likely(x) x
+#define crow_json_unlikely(x) x
+#endif
+
 
 namespace crow
 {
-    struct ci_hash
+    namespace mustache
     {
-        size_t operator()(const std::string& key) const
-        {
-            std::size_t seed = 0;
-            std::locale locale;
-
-            for(auto c : key)
-            {
-                boost::hash_combine(seed, std::toupper(c, locale));
-            }
-
-            return seed;
-        }
-    };
+        class template_t;
+    }
 
-    struct ci_key_eq
+    namespace json
     {
-        bool operator()(const std::string& l, const std::string& r) const
+        inline void escape(const std::string& str, std::string& ret)
         {
-            return boost::iequals(l, r);
-        }
-    };
-
-    using ci_map = std::unordered_multimap<std::string, std::string, ci_hash, ci_key_eq>;
-}
-
-
-
-#pragma once
-// settings for crow
-// TODO - replace with runtime config. libucl?
-
-/* #ifdef - enables debug mode */
-#define CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
-
-/* #ifdef - enables logging */
-#define CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
-
-/* #define - specifies log level */
-/*
-    DEBUG       = 0
-    INFO        = 1
-    WARNING     = 2
-    ERROR       = 3
-    CRITICAL    = 4
+            ret.reserve(ret.size() + str.size()+str.size()/4);
+            for(char c:str)
+            {
+                switch(c)
+                {
+                    case '"': ret += "\\\""; break;
+                    case '\\': ret += "\\\\"; break;
+                    case '\n': ret += "\\n"; break;
+                    case '\b': ret += "\\b"; break;
+                    case '\f': ret += "\\f"; break;
+                    case '\r': ret += "\\r"; break;
+                    case '\t': ret += "\\t"; break;
+                    default:
+                        if (0 <= c && c < 0x20)
+                        {
+                            ret += "\\u00";
+                            auto to_hex = [](char c)
+                            {
+                                c = c&0xf;
+                                if (c < 10)
+                                    return '0' + c;
+                                return 'a'+c-10;
+                            };
+                            ret += to_hex(c/16);
+                            ret += to_hex(c%16);
+                        }
+                        else
+                            ret += c;
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        inline std::string escape(const std::string& str)
+        {
+            std::string ret;
+            escape(str, ret);
+            return ret;
+        }
 
-    default to INFO
-*/
-#define CROW_LOG_LEVEL 1
+        enum class type : char
+        {
+            Null,
+            False,
+            True,
+            Number,
+            String,
+            List,
+            Object,
+        };
 
+        class rvalue;
+        rvalue load(const char* data, size_t size);
 
-// compiler flags
-#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
-#define CROW_CAN_USE_CPP14
-#endif
+        namespace detail 
+        {
 
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-#if _MSC_VER < 1900
-#define CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
-#define constexpr const
-#define noexcept throw()
-#endif
-#endif
+            struct r_string 
+                : boost::less_than_comparable<r_string>,
+                boost::less_than_comparable<r_string, std::string>,
+                boost::equality_comparable<r_string>,
+                boost::equality_comparable<r_string, std::string>
+            {
+                r_string() {};
+                r_string(char* s, char* e)
+                    : s_(s), e_(e)
+                {};
+                ~r_string()
+                {
+                    if (owned_)
+                        delete[] s_;
+                }
 
+                r_string(const r_string& r)
+                {
+                    *this = r;
+                }
 
+                r_string(r_string&& r)
+                {
+                    *this = r;
+                }
 
-#pragma once
+                r_string& operator = (r_string&& r)
+                {
+                    s_ = r.s_;
+                    e_ = r.e_;
+                    owned_ = r.owned_;
+                    return *this;
+                }
 
-#include <string>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <ctime>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <sstream>
+                r_string& operator = (const r_string& r)
+                {
+                    s_ = r.s_;
+                    e_ = r.e_;
+                    owned_ = 0;
+                    return *this;
+                }
 
+                operator std::string () const
+                {
+                    return std::string(s_, e_);
+                }
 
 
+                const char* begin() const { return s_; }
+                const char* end() const { return e_; }
+                size_t size() const { return end() - begin(); }
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    enum class LogLevel
-    {
-        DEBUG,
-        INFO,
-        WARNING,
-        ERROR,
-        CRITICAL,
-    };
+                using iterator = const char*;
+                using const_iterator = const char*;
 
-    class ILogHandler {
-        public:
-            virtual void log(std::string message, LogLevel level) = 0;
-    };
+                char* s_;
+                mutable char* e_;
+                uint8_t owned_{0};
+                friend std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& os, const r_string& s)
+                {
+                    os << (std::string)s;
+                    return os;
+                }
+            private:
+                void force(char* s, uint32_t length)
+                {
+                    s_ = s;
+                    owned_ = 1;
+                }
+                friend rvalue crow::json::load(const char* data, size_t size);
+            };
 
-    class CerrLogHandler : public ILogHandler {
-        public:
-            void log(std::string message, LogLevel level) override {
-                std::cerr << message;
+            inline bool operator < (const r_string& l, const r_string& r)
+            {
+                return boost::lexicographical_compare(l,r);
             }
-    };
-
-    class logger {
 
-        private:
-            //
-            static std::string timestamp()
+            inline bool operator < (const r_string& l, const std::string& r)
             {
-                char date[32];
-                time_t t = time(0);
+                return boost::lexicographical_compare(l,r);
+            }
 
-                tm my_tm;
+            inline bool operator > (const r_string& l, const std::string& r)
+            {
+                return boost::lexicographical_compare(r,l);
+            }
 
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-                gmtime_s(&my_tm, &t);
-#else
-                gmtime_r(&t, &my_tm);
-#endif
+            inline bool operator == (const r_string& l, const r_string& r)
+            {
+                return boost::equals(l,r);
+            }
 
-                size_t sz = strftime(date, sizeof(date), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", &my_tm);
-                return std::string(date, date+sz);
+            inline bool operator == (const r_string& l, const std::string& r)
+            {
+                return boost::equals(l,r);
             }
+        }
 
+        class rvalue
+        {
+            static const int cached_bit = 2;
+            static const int error_bit = 4;
         public:
+            rvalue() noexcept : option_{error_bit} 
+            {}
+            rvalue(type t) noexcept
+                : lsize_{}, lremain_{}, t_{t}
+            {}
+            rvalue(type t, char* s, char* e)  noexcept
+                : start_{s},
+                end_{e},
+                t_{t}
+            {}
 
-
-            logger(std::string prefix, LogLevel level) : level_(level) {
-    #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
-                    stringstream_ << "(" << timestamp() << ") [" << prefix << "] ";
-    #endif
-
-            }
-            ~logger() {
-    #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
-                if(level_ >= get_current_log_level()) {
-                    stringstream_ << std::endl;
-                    get_handler_ref()->log(stringstream_.str(), level_);
-                }
-    #endif
+            rvalue(const rvalue& r)
+            : start_(r.start_),
+                end_(r.end_),
+                key_(r.key_),
+                t_(r.t_),
+                option_(r.option_)
+            {
+                copy_l(r);
             }
 
-            //
-            template <typename T>
-            logger& operator<<(T const &value) {
-
-    #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
-                if(level_ >= get_current_log_level()) {
-                    stringstream_ << value;
-                }
-    #endif
-                return *this;
+            rvalue(rvalue&& r) noexcept
+            {
+                *this = std::move(r);
             }
 
-            //
-            static void setLogLevel(LogLevel level) {
-                get_log_level_ref() = level;
+            rvalue& operator = (const rvalue& r)
+            {
+                start_ = r.start_;
+                end_ = r.end_;
+                key_ = r.key_;
+                copy_l(r);
+                t_ = r.t_;
+                option_ = r.option_;
+                return *this;
             }
-
-            static void setHandler(ILogHandler* handler) {
-                get_handler_ref() = handler;
+            rvalue& operator = (rvalue&& r) noexcept
+            {
+                start_ = r.start_;
+                end_ = r.end_;
+                key_ = std::move(r.key_);
+                l_ = std::move(r.l_);
+                lsize_ = r.lsize_;
+                lremain_ = r.lremain_;
+                t_ = r.t_;
+                option_ = r.option_;
+                return *this;
             }
 
-            static LogLevel get_current_log_level() {
-                return get_log_level_ref();
+            explicit operator bool() const noexcept
+            {
+                return (option_ & error_bit) == 0;
             }
 
-        private:
-            //
-            static LogLevel& get_log_level_ref()
+            explicit operator int64_t() const
             {
-                static LogLevel current_level = (LogLevel)CROW_LOG_LEVEL;
-                return current_level;
+                return i();
             }
-            static ILogHandler*& get_handler_ref()
+
+            explicit operator int() const
             {
-                static CerrLogHandler default_handler;
-                static ILogHandler* current_handler = &default_handler;
-                return current_handler;
+                return (int)i();
             }
 
-            //
-            std::ostringstream stringstream_;
-            LogLevel level_;
-    };
-}
-
-#define CROW_LOG_CRITICAL   \
-        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::CRITICAL) \
-            crow::logger("CRITICAL", crow::LogLevel::CRITICAL)
-#define CROW_LOG_ERROR      \
-        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::ERROR) \
-            crow::logger("ERROR   ", crow::LogLevel::ERROR)
-#define CROW_LOG_WARNING    \
-        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::WARNING) \
-            crow::logger("WARNING ", crow::LogLevel::WARNING)
-#define CROW_LOG_INFO       \
-        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::INFO) \
-            crow::logger("INFO    ", crow::LogLevel::INFO)
-#define CROW_LOG_DEBUG      \
-        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::DEBUG) \
-            crow::logger("DEBUG   ", crow::LogLevel::DEBUG)
-
-
-
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <boost/asio.hpp>
-#include <deque>
-#include <functional>
-#include <chrono>
-#include <thread>
-
-
-
-
-namespace crow
-{
-    namespace detail 
-    {
-        // fast timer queue for fixed tick value.
-        class dumb_timer_queue
-        {
-        public:
-            using key = std::pair<dumb_timer_queue*, int>;
-
-            void cancel(key& k)
+            type t() const
             {
-                auto self = k.first;
-                k.first = nullptr;
-                if (!self)
-                    return;
-
-                unsigned int index = (unsigned int)(k.second - self->step_);
-                if (index < self->dq_.size())
-                    self->dq_[index].second = nullptr;
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (option_ & error_bit)
+                {
+                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid json object");
+                }
+#endif
+                return t_;
             }
 
-            key add(std::function<void()> f)
+            int64_t i() const
             {
-                dq_.emplace_back(std::chrono::steady_clock::now(), std::move(f));
-                int ret = step_+dq_.size()-1;
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Number)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not number");
+#endif
+                return boost::lexical_cast<int64_t>(start_, end_-start_);
+            }
 
-                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "timer add inside: " << this << ' ' << ret ;
-                return {this, ret};
+            double d() const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Number)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not number");
+#endif
+                return boost::lexical_cast<double>(start_, end_-start_);
             }
 
-            void process()
+            bool b() const
             {
-                if (!io_service_)
-                    return;
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::True && t() != type::False)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not boolean");
+#endif
+                return t() == type::True;
+            }
 
-                auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-                while(!dq_.empty())
+            void unescape() const
+            {
+                if (*(start_-1))
                 {
-                    auto& x = dq_.front();
-                    if (now - x.first < std::chrono::seconds(tick))
-                        break;
-                    if (x.second)
+                    char* head = start_;
+                    char* tail = start_;
+                    while(head != end_)
                     {
-                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "timer call: " << this << ' ' << step_;
-                        // we know that timer handlers are very simple currenty; call here
-                        x.second();
+                        if (*head == '\\')
+                        {
+                            switch(*++head)
+                            {
+                                case '"':  *tail++ = '"'; break;
+                                case '\\': *tail++ = '\\'; break;
+                                case '/':  *tail++ = '/'; break;
+                                case 'b':  *tail++ = '\b'; break;
+                                case 'f':  *tail++ = '\f'; break;
+                                case 'n':  *tail++ = '\n'; break;
+                                case 'r':  *tail++ = '\r'; break;
+                                case 't':  *tail++ = '\t'; break;
+                                case 'u':
+                                    {
+                                        auto from_hex = [](char c)
+                                        {
+                                            if (c >= 'a')
+                                                return c - 'a' + 10;
+                                            if (c >= 'A')
+                                                return c - 'A' + 10;
+                                            return c - '0';
+                                        };
+                                        unsigned int code = 
+                                            (from_hex(head[1])<<12) + 
+                                            (from_hex(head[2])<< 8) + 
+                                            (from_hex(head[3])<< 4) + 
+                                            from_hex(head[4]);
+                                        if (code >= 0x800)
+                                        {
+                                            *tail++ = 0xE0 | (code >> 12);
+                                            *tail++ = 0x80 | ((code >> 6) & 0x3F);
+                                            *tail++ = 0x80 | (code & 0x3F);
+                                        }
+                                        else if (code >= 0x80)
+                                        {
+                                            *tail++ = 0xC0 | (code >> 6);
+                                            *tail++ = 0x80 | (code & 0x3F);
+                                        }
+                                        else
+                                        {
+                                            *tail++ = code;
+                                        }
+                                        head += 4;
+                                    }
+                                    break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                            *tail++ = *head;
+                        head++;
                     }
-                    dq_.pop_front();
-                    step_++;
+                    end_ = tail;
+                    *end_ = 0;
+                    *(start_-1) = 0;
                 }
             }
 
-            void set_io_service(boost::asio::io_service& io_service)
+            detail::r_string s() const
             {
-                io_service_ = &io_service;
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::String)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not string");
+#endif
+                unescape();
+                return detail::r_string{start_, end_};
             }
 
-            dumb_timer_queue() noexcept
+            bool has(const char* str) const
             {
+                return has(std::string(str));
             }
 
-        private:
+            bool has(const std::string& str) const
+            {
+                struct Pred 
+                {
+                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const rvalue& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l.key_ < r.key_;
+                    };
+                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const std::string& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l.key_ < r;
+                    };
+                    bool operator()(const std::string& l, const rvalue& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l < r.key_;
+                    };
+                };
+                if (!is_cached())
+                {
+                    std::sort(begin(), end(), Pred());
+                    set_cached();
+                }
+                auto it = lower_bound(begin(), end(), str, Pred());
+                return it != end() && it->key_ == str;
+            }
 
-            int tick{5};
-            boost::asio::io_service* io_service_{};
-            std::deque<std::pair<decltype(std::chrono::steady_clock::now()), std::function<void()>>> dq_;
-            int step_{};
-        };
-    }
-}
+            int count(const std::string& str)
+            {
+                return has(str) ? 1 : 0;
+            }
 
+            rvalue* begin() const 
+            { 
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Object && t() != type::List)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a container");
+#endif
+                return l_.get(); 
+            }
+            rvalue* end() const 
+            { 
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Object && t() != type::List)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a container");
+#endif
+                return l_.get()+lsize_; 
+            }
 
+            const detail::r_string& key() const
+            {
+                return key_;
+            }
 
-#pragma once
+            size_t size() const
+            {
+                if (t() == type::String)
+                    return s().size();
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Object && t() != type::List)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a container");
+#endif
+                return lsize_;
+            }
 
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <stdexcept>
-#include <tuple>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <functional>
+            const rvalue& operator[](int index) const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::List)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a list");
+                if (index >= (int)lsize_ || index < 0)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("list out of bound");
+#endif
+                return l_[index];
+            }
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    namespace black_magic
-    {
-#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
-        struct OutOfRange
-        {
-            OutOfRange(unsigned pos, unsigned length) {}
-        };
-        constexpr unsigned requires_in_range( unsigned i, unsigned len )
-        {
-            return i >= len ? throw OutOfRange(i, len) : i;
-        }
+            const rvalue& operator[](size_t index) const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::List)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not a list");
+                if (index >= lsize_)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("list out of bound");
+#endif
+                return l_[index];
+            }
 
-        class const_str
-        {
-            const char * const begin_;
-            unsigned size_;
+            const rvalue& operator[](const char* str) const
+            {
+                return this->operator[](std::string(str));
+            }
 
-            public:
-            template< unsigned N >
-                constexpr const_str( const char(&arr)[N] ) : begin_(arr), size_(N - 1) {
-                    static_assert( N >= 1, "not a string literal");
+            const rvalue& operator[](const std::string& str) const
+            {
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                if (t() != type::Object)
+                    throw std::runtime_error("value is not an object");
+#endif
+                struct Pred 
+                {
+                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const rvalue& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l.key_ < r.key_;
+                    };
+                    bool operator()(const rvalue& l, const std::string& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l.key_ < r;
+                    };
+                    bool operator()(const std::string& l, const rvalue& r) const
+                    {
+                        return l < r.key_;
+                    };
+                };
+                if (!is_cached())
+                {
+                    std::sort(begin(), end(), Pred());
+                    set_cached();
                 }
-            constexpr char operator[]( unsigned i ) const { 
-                return requires_in_range(i, size_), begin_[i]; 
+                auto it = lower_bound(begin(), end(), str, Pred());
+                if (it != end() && it->key_ == str)
+                    return *it;
+#ifndef CROW_JSON_NO_ERROR_CHECK
+                throw std::runtime_error("cannot find key");
+#else
+                static rvalue nullValue;
+                return nullValue;
+#endif
             }
 
-            constexpr operator const char *() const { 
-                return begin_; 
+            void set_error()
+            {
+                option_|=error_bit;
             }
 
-            constexpr const char* begin() const { return begin_; }
-            constexpr const char* end() const { return begin_ + size_; }
+            bool error() const
+            {
+                return (option_&error_bit)!=0;
+            }
+        private:
+            bool is_cached() const
+            {
+                return (option_&cached_bit)!=0;
+            }
+            void set_cached() const
+            {
+                option_ |= cached_bit;
+            }
+            void copy_l(const rvalue& r)
+            {
+                if (r.t() != type::Object && r.t() != type::List)
+                    return;
+                lsize_ = r.lsize_;
+                lremain_ = 0;
+                l_.reset(new rvalue[lsize_]);
+                std::copy(r.begin(), r.end(), begin());
+            }
 
-            constexpr unsigned size() const { 
-                return size_; 
+            void emplace_back(rvalue&& v)
+            {
+                if (!lremain_)
+                {
+                    int new_size = lsize_ + lsize_;
+                    if (new_size - lsize_ > 60000)
+                        new_size = lsize_ + 60000;
+                    if (new_size < 4)
+                        new_size = 4;
+                    rvalue* p = new rvalue[new_size];
+                    rvalue* p2 = p;
+                    for(auto& x : *this)
+                        *p2++ = std::move(x);
+                    l_.reset(p);
+                    lremain_ = new_size - lsize_;
+                }
+                l_[lsize_++] = std::move(v);
+                lremain_ --;
+            }
+
+            mutable char* start_;
+            mutable char* end_;
+            detail::r_string key_;
+            std::unique_ptr<rvalue[]> l_;
+            uint32_t lsize_;
+            uint16_t lremain_;
+            type t_;
+            mutable uint8_t option_{0};
+
+            friend rvalue load_nocopy_internal(char* data, size_t size);
+            friend rvalue load(const char* data, size_t size);
+            friend std::ostream& operator <<(std::ostream& os, const rvalue& r)
+            {
+                switch(r.t_)
+                {
+
+                case type::Null: os << "null"; break;
+                case type::False: os << "false"; break;
+                case type::True: os << "true"; break;
+                case type::Number: os << r.d(); break;
+                case type::String: os << '"' << r.s() << '"'; break;
+                case type::List: 
+                    {
+                        os << '['; 
+                        bool first = true;
+                        for(auto& x : r)
+                        {
+                            if (!first)
+                                os << ',';
+                            first = false;
+                            os << x;
+                        }
+                        os << ']'; 
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case type::Object:
+                    {
+                        os << '{'; 
+                        bool first = true;
+                        for(auto& x : r)
+                        {
+                            if (!first)
+                                os << ',';
+                            os << '"' << escape(x.key_) << "\":";
+                            first = false;
+                            os << x;
+                        }
+                        os << '}'; 
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                return os;
             }
         };
+        namespace detail {
+        }
 
-        constexpr unsigned find_closing_tag(const_str s, unsigned p)
+        inline bool operator == (const rvalue& l, const std::string& r)
         {
-            return s[p] == '>' ? p : find_closing_tag(s, p+1);
+            return l.s() == r;
         }
 
-        constexpr bool is_valid(const_str s, unsigned i = 0, int f = 0)
+        inline bool operator == (const std::string& l, const rvalue& r)
         {
-            return 
-                i == s.size()
-                    ? f == 0 :
-                f < 0 || f >= 2
-                    ? false :
-                s[i] == '<'
-                    ? is_valid(s, i+1, f+1) :
-                s[i] == '>'
-                    ? is_valid(s, i+1, f-1) :
-                is_valid(s, i+1, f);
+            return l == r.s();
         }
 
-        constexpr bool is_equ_p(const char* a, const char* b, unsigned n)
+        inline bool operator != (const rvalue& l, const std::string& r)
         {
-            return
-                *a == 0 && *b == 0 && n == 0 
-                    ? true :
-                (*a == 0 || *b == 0)
-                    ? false :
-                n == 0
-                    ? true :
-                *a != *b
-                    ? false :
-                is_equ_p(a+1, b+1, n-1);
+            return l.s() != r;
         }
 
-        constexpr bool is_equ_n(const_str a, unsigned ai, const_str b, unsigned bi, unsigned n)
+        inline bool operator != (const std::string& l, const rvalue& r)
         {
-            return 
-                ai + n > a.size() || bi + n > b.size() 
-                    ? false :
-                n == 0 
-                    ? true : 
-                a[ai] != b[bi] 
-                    ? false : 
-                is_equ_n(a,ai+1,b,bi+1,n-1);
-        }
-
-        constexpr bool is_int(const_str s, unsigned i)
-        {
-            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<int>", 0, 5);
-        }
-
-        constexpr bool is_uint(const_str s, unsigned i)
-        {
-            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<uint>", 0, 6);
+            return l != r.s();
         }
 
-        constexpr bool is_float(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        inline bool operator == (const rvalue& l, double r)
         {
-            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<float>", 0, 7) ||
-                is_equ_n(s, i, "<double>", 0, 8);
+            return l.d() == r;
         }
 
-        constexpr bool is_str(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        inline bool operator == (double l, const rvalue& r)
         {
-            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<str>", 0, 5) ||
-                is_equ_n(s, i, "<string>", 0, 8);
+            return l == r.d();
         }
 
-        constexpr bool is_path(const_str s, unsigned i)
+        inline bool operator != (const rvalue& l, double r)
         {
-            return is_equ_n(s, i, "<path>", 0, 6);
+            return l.d() != r;
         }
-#endif
-        template <typename T> 
-        struct paramater_tag
-        {
-            static const int value = 0;
-        };
-#define CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(t, i) \
-template <> \
-struct paramater_tag<t> \
-{ \
-    static const int value = i; \
-};
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(int, 1);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(char, 1);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(short, 1);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(long, 1);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(long long, 1);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned int, 2);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned char, 2);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned short, 2);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned long, 2);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(unsigned long long, 2);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(double, 3);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG(std::string, 4);
-#undef CROW_INTERNAL_PARAMETER_TAG
-        template <typename ... Args>
-        struct compute_paramater_tag_from_args_list;
-
-        template <>
-        struct compute_paramater_tag_from_args_list<>
-        {
-            static const int value = 0;
-        };
-
-        template <typename Arg, typename ... Args>
-        struct compute_paramater_tag_from_args_list<Arg, Args...>
-        {
-            static const int sub_value = 
-                compute_paramater_tag_from_args_list<Args...>::value;
-            static const int value = 
-                paramater_tag<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value 
-                ? sub_value* 6 + paramater_tag<typename std::decay<Arg>::type>::value 
-                : sub_value;
-        };
 
-        bool is_paramter_tag_compatible(uint64_t a, uint64_t b)
+        inline bool operator != (double l, const rvalue& r)
         {
-            if (a == 0)
-                return b == 0;
-            if (b == 0)
-                return a == 0;
-            int sa = a%6;
-            int sb = a%6;
-            if (sa == 5) sa = 4;
-            if (sb == 5) sb = 4;
-            if (sa != sb)
-                return false;
-            return is_paramter_tag_compatible(a/6, b/6);
+            return l != r.d();
         }
 
-        unsigned find_closing_tag_runtime(const char* s, unsigned p)
-        {
-            return
-                s[p] == 0
-                ? throw std::runtime_error("unmatched tag <") :
-                s[p] == '>'
-                ? p : find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p + 1);
-        }
-        
-        uint64_t get_parameter_tag_runtime(const char* s, unsigned p = 0)
-        {
-            return
-                s[p] == 0
-                    ?  0 :
-                s[p] == '<' ? (
-                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<int>", 5) == 0
-                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 1 :
-                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<uint>", 6) == 0
-                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 2 :
-                    (std::strncmp(s+p, "<float>", 7) == 0 ||
-                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<double>", 8) == 0)
-                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 3 :
-                    (std::strncmp(s+p, "<str>", 5) == 0 ||
-                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<string>", 8) == 0)
-                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 4 :
-                    std::strncmp(s+p, "<path>", 6) == 0
-                        ? get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, find_closing_tag_runtime(s, p)) * 6 + 5 :
-                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid parameter type")
-                    ) :
-                get_parameter_tag_runtime(s, p+1);
-        }
-#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
-        constexpr uint64_t get_parameter_tag(const_str s, unsigned p = 0)
-        {
-            return
-                p == s.size() 
-                    ?  0 :
-                s[p] == '<' ? ( 
-                    is_int(s, p)
-                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 1 :
-                    is_uint(s, p)
-                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 2 :
-                    is_float(s, p)
-                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 3 :
-                    is_str(s, p)
-                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 4 :
-                    is_path(s, p)
-                        ? get_parameter_tag(s, find_closing_tag(s, p)) * 6 + 5 :
-                    throw std::runtime_error("invalid parameter type")
-                    ) : 
-                get_parameter_tag(s, p+1);
-        }
-#endif
 
-        template <typename ... T>
-        struct S
-        {
-            template <typename U>
-            using push = S<U, T...>;
-            template <typename U>
-            using push_back = S<T..., U>;
-            template <template<typename ... Args> class U>
-            using rebind = U<T...>;
-        };
-template <typename F, typename Set>
-        struct CallHelper;
-        template <typename F, typename ...Args>
-        struct CallHelper<F, S<Args...>>
+        inline rvalue load_nocopy_internal(char* data, size_t size)
         {
-            template <typename F1, typename ...Args1, typename = 
-                decltype(std::declval<F1>()(std::declval<Args1>()...))
-                >
-            static char __test(int);
+            //static const char* escaped = "\"\\/\b\f\n\r\t";
+            struct Parser
+            {
+                Parser(char* data, size_t size)
+                    : data(data)
+                {
+                }
 
-            template <typename ...>
-            static int __test(...);
+                bool consume(char c)
+                {
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(*data != c))
+                        return false;
+                    data++;
+                    return true;
+                }
 
-            static constexpr bool value = sizeof(__test<F, Args...>(0)) == sizeof(char);
-        };
+                void ws_skip()
+                {
+                    while(*data == ' ' || *data == '\t' || *data == '\r' || *data == '\n') ++data;
+                };
 
+                rvalue decode_string()
+                {
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume('"')))
+                        return {};
+                    char* start = data;
+                    uint8_t has_escaping = 0;
+                    while(1)
+                    {
+                        if (crow_json_likely(*data != '"' && *data != '\\' && *data != '\0'))
+                        {
+                            data ++;
+                        }
+                        else if (*data == '"')
+                        {
+                            *data = 0;
+                            *(start-1) = has_escaping;
+                            data++;
+                            return {type::String, start, data-1};
+                        }
+                        else if (*data == '\\')
+                        {
+                            has_escaping = 1;
+                            data++;
+                            switch(*data)
+                            {
+                                case 'u':
+                                    {
+                                        auto check = [](char c)
+                                        {
+                                            return 
+                                                ('0' <= c && c <= '9') ||
+                                                ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') ||
+                                                ('A' <= c && c <= 'F');
+                                        };
+                                        if (!(check(*(data+1)) && 
+                                            check(*(data+2)) && 
+                                            check(*(data+3)) && 
+                                            check(*(data+4))))
+                                            return {};
+                                    }
+                                    data += 5;
+                                    break;
+                                case '"':
+                                case '\\':
+                                case '/':
+                                case 'b':
+                                case 'f':
+                                case 'n':
+                                case 'r':
+                                case 't':
+                                    data ++;
+                                    break;
+                                default:
+                                    return {};
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                            return {};
+                    }
+                    return {};
+                }
 
-        template <int N>
-        struct single_tag_to_type
-        {
-        };
+                rvalue decode_list()
+                {
+                    rvalue ret(type::List);
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume('[')))
+                    {
+                        ret.set_error();
+                        return ret;
+                    }
+                    ws_skip();
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(*data == ']'))
+                    {
+                        data++;
+                        return ret;
+                    }
 
-        template <>
-        struct single_tag_to_type<1>
-        {
-            using type = int64_t;
-        };
+                    while(1)
+                    {
+                        auto v = decode_value();
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!v))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        ws_skip();
+                        ret.emplace_back(std::move(v));
+                        if (*data == ']')
+                        {
+                            data++;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume(',')))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        ws_skip();
+                    }
+                    return ret;
+                }
+
+                rvalue decode_number()
+                {
+                    char* start = data;
+
+                    enum NumberParsingState
+                    {
+                        Minus,
+                        AfterMinus,
+                        ZeroFirst,
+                        Digits,
+                        DigitsAfterPoints,
+                        E,
+                        DigitsAfterE,
+                        Invalid,
+                    } state{Minus};
+                    while(crow_json_likely(state != Invalid))
+                    {
+                        switch(*data)
+                        {
+                            case '0':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\2\2\7\3\4\6\6"[state];
+                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Minus || state == NumberParsingState::AfterMinus)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::ZeroFirst;
+                                }
+                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
+                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE || 
+                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints)
+                                {
+                                    // ok; pass
+                                }
+                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    return {};*/
+                                break;
+                            case '1': case '2': case '3': 
+                            case '4': case '5': case '6': 
+                            case '7': case '8': case '9':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\3\3\7\3\4\6\6"[state];
+                                while(*(data+1) >= '0' && *(data+1) <= '9') data++;
+                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Minus || state == NumberParsingState::AfterMinus)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::Digits;
+                                }
+                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
+                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE || 
+                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints)
+                                {
+                                    // ok; pass
+                                }
+                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    return {};*/
+                                break;
+                            case '.':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\7\7\4\4\7\7\7"[state];
+                                /*
+                                if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || state == NumberParsingState::ZeroFirst)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    return {};
+                                */
+                                break;
+                            case '-':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\1\7\7\7\7\6\7"[state];
+                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Minus)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::AfterMinus;
+                                }
+                                else if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    return {};*/
+                                break;
+                            case '+':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\7\7\7\7\7\6\7"[state];
+                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::E)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE;
+                                }
+                                else
+                                    return {};*/
+                                break;
+                            case 'e': case 'E':
+                                state = (NumberParsingState)"\7\7\7\5\5\7\7"[state];
+                                /*if (state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
+                                    state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints)
+                                {
+                                    state = NumberParsingState::E;
+                                }
+                                else 
+                                    return {};*/
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                if (crow_json_likely(state == NumberParsingState::ZeroFirst || 
+                                        state == NumberParsingState::Digits || 
+                                        state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterPoints || 
+                                        state == NumberParsingState::DigitsAfterE))
+                                    return {type::Number, start, data};
+                                else
+                                    return {};
+                        }
+                        data++;
+                    }
+
+                    return {};
+                }
+
+                rvalue decode_value()
+                {
+                    switch(*data)
+                    {
+                        case '[':
+                            return decode_list();
+                        case '{':
+                            return decode_object();
+                        case '"':
+                            return decode_string();
+                        case 't':
+                            if (//e-data >= 4 &&
+                                    data[1] == 'r' &&
+                                    data[2] == 'u' &&
+                                    data[3] == 'e')
+                            {
+                                data += 4;
+                                return {type::True};
+                            }
+                            else
+                                return {};
+                        case 'f':
+                            if (//e-data >= 5 &&
+                                    data[1] == 'a' &&
+                                    data[2] == 'l' &&
+                                    data[3] == 's' &&
+                                    data[4] == 'e')
+                            {
+                                data += 5;
+                                return {type::False};
+                            }
+                            else
+                                return {};
+                        case 'n':
+                            if (//e-data >= 4 &&
+                                    data[1] == 'u' &&
+                                    data[2] == 'l' &&
+                                    data[3] == 'l')
+                            {
+                                data += 4;
+                                return {type::Null};
+                            }
+                            else
+                                return {};
+                        //case '1': case '2': case '3': 
+                        //case '4': case '5': case '6': 
+                        //case '7': case '8': case '9':
+                        //case '0': case '-':
+                        default:
+                            return decode_number();
+                    }
+                    return {};
+                }
+
+                rvalue decode_object()
+                {
+                    rvalue ret(type::Object);
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume('{')))
+                    {
+                        ret.set_error();
+                        return ret;
+                    }
+
+                    ws_skip();
+
+                    if (crow_json_unlikely(*data == '}'))
+                    {
+                        data++;
+                        return ret;
+                    }
+
+                    while(1)
+                    {
+                        auto t = decode_string();
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!t))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        ws_skip();
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume(':')))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        // TODO caching key to speed up (flyweight?)
+                        auto key = t.s();
+
+                        ws_skip();
+                        auto v = decode_value();
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!v))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        ws_skip();
+
+                        v.key_ = std::move(key);
+                        ret.emplace_back(std::move(v));
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(*data == '}'))
+                        {
+                            data++;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        if (crow_json_unlikely(!consume(',')))
+                        {
+                            ret.set_error();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        ws_skip();
+                    }
+                    return ret;
+                }
+
+                rvalue parse()
+                {
+                    ws_skip();
+                    auto ret = decode_value(); // or decode object?
+                    ws_skip();
+                    if (ret && *data != '\0')
+                        ret.set_error();
+                    return ret;
+                }
+
+                char* data;
+            };
+            return Parser(data, size).parse();
+        }
+        inline rvalue load(const char* data, size_t size)
+        {
+            char* s = new char[size+1];
+            memcpy(s, data, size);
+            s[size] = 0;
+            auto ret = load_nocopy_internal(s, size);
+            if (ret)
+                ret.key_.force(s, size);
+            else
+                delete[] s;
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        inline rvalue load(const char* data)
+        {
+            return load(data, strlen(data));
+        }
+
+        inline rvalue load(const std::string& str)
+        {
+            return load(str.data(), str.size());
+        }
+
+        class wvalue
+        {
+            friend class crow::mustache::template_t;
+        public:
+            type t() const { return t_; }
+        private:
+            type t_{type::Null};
+            double d {};
+            std::string s;
+            std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>> l;
+            std::unique_ptr<std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>> o;
+        public:
+
+            wvalue() {}
+
+            wvalue(const rvalue& r)
+            {
+                t_ = r.t();
+                switch(r.t())
+                {
+                    case type::Null:
+                    case type::False:
+                    case type::True:
+                        return;
+                    case type::Number:
+                        d = r.d();
+                        return;
+                    case type::String:
+                        s = r.s();
+                        return;
+                    case type::List:
+                        l = std::move(std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{}));
+                        l->reserve(r.size());
+                        for(auto it = r.begin(); it != r.end(); ++it)
+                            l->emplace_back(*it);
+                        return;
+                    case type::Object:
+                        o = std::move(
+                            std::unique_ptr<
+                                    std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>
+                                >(
+                                new std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>{}));
+                        for(auto it = r.begin(); it != r.end(); ++it)
+                            o->emplace(it->key(), *it);
+                        return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            wvalue(wvalue&& r)
+            {
+                *this = std::move(r);
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (wvalue&& r)
+            {
+                t_ = r.t_;
+                d = r.d;
+                s = std::move(r.s);
+                l = std::move(r.l);
+                o = std::move(r.o);
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            void clear()
+            {
+                t_ = type::Null;
+                l.reset();
+                o.reset();
+            }
+
+            void reset()
+            {
+                t_ = type::Null;
+                l.reset();
+                o.reset();
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (std::nullptr_t)
+            {
+                reset();
+                return *this;
+            }
+            wvalue& operator = (bool value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                if (value)
+                    t_ = type::True;
+                else
+                    t_ = type::False;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (double value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                d = value;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (unsigned short value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                d = (double)value;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (short value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                d = (double)value;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (long long value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                d = (double)value;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (long value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                d = (double)value;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (int value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                d = (double)value;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (unsigned long long value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                d = (double)value;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (unsigned long value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                d = (double)value;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator = (unsigned int value)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::Number;
+                d = (double)value;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator=(const char* str)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::String;
+                s = str;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator=(const std::string& str)
+            {
+                reset();
+                t_ = type::String;
+                s = str;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            template <typename T>
+            wvalue& operator=(const std::vector<T>& v)
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::List)
+                    reset();
+                t_ = type::List;
+                if (!l)
+                    l = std::move(std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{}));
+                l->clear();
+                l->resize(v.size());
+                size_t idx = 0;
+                for(auto& x:v)
+                {
+                    (*l)[idx++] = x;
+                }
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator[](unsigned index)
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::List)
+                    reset();
+                t_ = type::List;
+                if (!l)
+                    l = std::move(std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{}));
+                if (l->size() < index+1)
+                    l->resize(index+1);
+                return (*l)[index];
+            }
+
+            int count(const std::string& str)
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::Object)
+                    return 0;
+                if (!o)
+                    return 0;
+                return o->count(str);
+            }
+
+            wvalue& operator[](const std::string& str)
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::Object)
+                    reset();
+                t_ = type::Object;
+                if (!o)
+                    o = std::move(
+                        std::unique_ptr<
+                                std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>
+                            >(
+                            new std::unordered_map<std::string, wvalue>{}));
+                return (*o)[str];
+            }
+
+            size_t estimate_length() const
+            {
+                switch(t_)
+                {
+                    case type::Null: return 4;
+                    case type::False: return 5;
+                    case type::True: return 4;
+                    case type::Number: return 30;
+                    case type::String: return 2+s.size()+s.size()/2;
+                    case type::List: 
+                        {
+                            size_t sum{};
+                            if (l)
+                            {
+                                for(auto& x:*l)
+                                {
+                                    sum += 1;
+                                    sum += x.estimate_length();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            return sum+2;
+                        }
+                    case type::Object:
+                        {
+                            size_t sum{};
+                            if (o)
+                            {
+                                for(auto& kv:*o)
+                                {
+                                    sum += 2;
+                                    sum += 2+kv.first.size()+kv.first.size()/2;
+                                    sum += kv.second.estimate_length();
+                                }
+                            }
+                            return sum+2;
+                        }
+                }
+                return 1;
+            }
+
+
+            friend void dump_internal(const wvalue& v, std::string& out);
+            friend std::string dump(const wvalue& v);
+        };
+
+        inline void dump_string(const std::string& str, std::string& out)
+        {
+            out.push_back('"');
+            escape(str, out);
+            out.push_back('"');
+        }
+        inline void dump_internal(const wvalue& v, std::string& out)
+        {
+            switch(v.t_)
+            {
+                case type::Null: out += "null"; break;
+                case type::False: out += "false"; break;
+                case type::True: out += "true"; break;
+                case type::Number: 
+                    {
+                        char outbuf[128];
+                        sprintf(outbuf, "%g", v.d);
+                        out += outbuf;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case type::String: dump_string(v.s, out); break;
+                case type::List: 
+                     {
+                         out.push_back('[');
+                         if (v.l)
+                         {
+                             bool first = true;
+                             for(auto& x:*v.l)
+                             {
+                                 if (!first)
+                                 {
+                                     out.push_back(',');
+                                 }
+                                 first = false;
+                                 dump_internal(x, out);
+                             }
+                         }
+                         out.push_back(']');
+                     }
+                     break;
+                case type::Object:
+                     {
+                         out.push_back('{');
+                         if (v.o)
+                         {
+                             bool first = true;
+                             for(auto& kv:*v.o)
+                             {
+                                 if (!first)
+                                 {
+                                     out.push_back(',');
+                                 }
+                                 first = false;
+                                 dump_string(kv.first, out);
+                                 out.push_back(':');
+                                 dump_internal(kv.second, out);
+                             }
+                         }
+                         out.push_back('}');
+                     }
+                     break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        inline std::string dump(const wvalue& v)
+        {
+            std::string ret;
+            ret.reserve(v.estimate_length());
+            dump_internal(v, ret);
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        //std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> dump_ref(wvalue& v)
+        //{
+        //}
+    }
+}
+
+#undef crow_json_likely
+#undef crow_json_unlikely
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <functional>
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace mustache
+    {
+        using context = json::wvalue;
+
+        template_t load(const std::string& filename);
+
+        class invalid_template_exception : public std::exception
+        {
+            public:
+            invalid_template_exception(const std::string& msg)
+                : msg("crow::mustache error: " + msg)
+            {
+            }
+            virtual const char* what() const throw()
+            {
+                return msg.c_str();
+            }
+            std::string msg;
+        };
+
+        enum class ActionType
+        {
+            Ignore,
+            Tag,
+            UnescapeTag,
+            OpenBlock,
+            CloseBlock,
+            ElseBlock,
+            Partial,
+        };
+
+        struct Action
+        {
+            int start;
+            int end;
+            int pos;
+            ActionType t;
+            Action(ActionType t, int start, int end, int pos = 0) 
+                : start(start), end(end), pos(pos), t(t)
+            {}
+        };
+
+        class template_t 
+        {
+        public:
+            template_t(std::string body)
+                : body_(std::move(body))
+            {
+                // {{ {{# {{/ {{^ {{! {{> {{=
+                parse();
+            }
+
+        private:
+            std::string tag_name(const Action& action)
+            {
+                return body_.substr(action.start, action.end - action.start);
+            }
+            auto find_context(const std::string& name, const std::vector<context*>& stack)->std::pair<bool, context&>
+            {
+                if (name == ".")
+                {
+                    return {true, *stack.back()};
+                }
+                int dotPosition = name.find(".");
+                if (dotPosition == (int)name.npos)
+                {
+                    for(auto it = stack.rbegin(); it != stack.rend(); ++it)
+                    {
+                        if ((*it)->t() == json::type::Object)
+                        {
+                            if ((*it)->count(name))
+                                return {true, (**it)[name]};
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    std::vector<int> dotPositions;
+                    dotPositions.push_back(-1);
+                    while(dotPosition != (int)name.npos)
+                    {
+                        dotPositions.push_back(dotPosition);
+                        dotPosition = name.find(".", dotPosition+1);
+                    }
+                    dotPositions.push_back(name.size());
+                    std::vector<std::string> names;
+                    names.reserve(dotPositions.size()-1);
+                    for(int i = 1; i < (int)dotPositions.size(); i ++)
+                        names.emplace_back(name.substr(dotPositions[i-1]+1, dotPositions[i]-dotPositions[i-1]-1));
+
+                    for(auto it = stack.rbegin(); it != stack.rend(); ++it)
+                    {
+                        context* view = *it;
+                        bool found = true;
+                        for(auto jt = names.begin(); jt != names.end(); ++jt)
+                        {
+                            if (view->t() == json::type::Object &&
+                                view->count(*jt))
+                            {
+                                view = &(*view)[*jt];
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                found = false;
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (found)
+                            return {true, *view};
+                    }
+
+                }
+
+                static json::wvalue empty_str;
+                empty_str = "";
+                return {false, empty_str};
+            }
+
+            void escape(const std::string& in, std::string& out)
+            {
+                out.reserve(out.size() + in.size());
+                for(auto it = in.begin(); it != in.end(); ++it)
+                {
+                    switch(*it)
+                    {
+                        case '&': out += "&amp;"; break;
+                        case '<': out += "&lt;"; break;
+                        case '>': out += "&gt;"; break;
+                        case '"': out += "&quot;"; break;
+                        case '\'': out += "&#39;"; break;
+                        case '/': out += "&#x2F;"; break;
+                        default: out += *it; break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            void render_internal(int actionBegin, int actionEnd, std::vector<context*>& stack, std::string& out, int indent)
+            {
+                int current = actionBegin;
+
+                if (indent)
+                    out.insert(out.size(), indent, ' ');
+
+                while(current < actionEnd)
+                {
+                    auto& fragment = fragments_[current];
+                    auto& action = actions_[current];
+                    render_fragment(fragment, indent, out);
+                    switch(action.t)
+                    {
+                        case ActionType::Ignore:
+                            // do nothing
+                            break;
+                        case ActionType::Partial:
+                            {
+                                std::string partial_name = tag_name(action);
+                                auto partial_templ = load(partial_name);
+                                int partial_indent = action.pos;
+                                partial_templ.render_internal(0, partial_templ.fragments_.size()-1, stack, out, partial_indent?indent+partial_indent:0);
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case ActionType::UnescapeTag:
+                        case ActionType::Tag:
+                            {
+                                auto optional_ctx = find_context(tag_name(action), stack);
+                                auto& ctx = optional_ctx.second;
+                                switch(ctx.t())
+                                {
+                                    case json::type::Number:
+                                        out += json::dump(ctx);
+                                        break;
+                                    case json::type::String:
+                                        if (action.t == ActionType::Tag)
+                                            escape(ctx.s, out);
+                                        else
+                                            out += ctx.s;
+                                        break;
+                                    default:
+                                        throw std::runtime_error("not implemented tag type" + boost::lexical_cast<std::string>((int)ctx.t()));
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        case ActionType::ElseBlock:
+                            {
+                                static context nullContext;
+                                auto optional_ctx = find_context(tag_name(action), stack);
+                                if (!optional_ctx.first)
+                                {
+                                    stack.emplace_back(&nullContext);
+                                    break;
+                                }
+
+                                auto& ctx = optional_ctx.second;
+                                switch(ctx.t())
+                                {
+                                    case json::type::List:
+                                        if (ctx.l && !ctx.l->empty())
+                                            current = action.pos;
+                                        else
+                                            stack.emplace_back(&nullContext);
+                                        break;
+                                    case json::type::False:
+                                    case json::type::Null:
+                                        stack.emplace_back(&nullContext);
+                                        break;
+                                    default:
+                                        current = action.pos;
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        case ActionType::OpenBlock:
+                            {
+                                auto optional_ctx = find_context(tag_name(action), stack);
+                                if (!optional_ctx.first)
+                                {
+                                    current = action.pos;
+                                    break;
+                                }
 
-        template <>
-        struct single_tag_to_type<2>
-        {
-            using type = uint64_t;
+                                auto& ctx = optional_ctx.second;
+                                switch(ctx.t())
+                                {
+                                    case json::type::List:
+                                        if (ctx.l)
+                                            for(auto it = ctx.l->begin(); it != ctx.l->end(); ++it)
+                                            {
+                                                stack.push_back(&*it);
+                                                render_internal(current+1, action.pos, stack, out, indent);
+                                                stack.pop_back();
+                                            }
+                                        current = action.pos;
+                                        break;
+                                    case json::type::Number:
+                                    case json::type::String:
+                                    case json::type::Object:
+                                    case json::type::True:
+                                        stack.push_back(&ctx);
+                                        break;
+                                    case json::type::False:
+                                    case json::type::Null:
+                                        current = action.pos;
+                                        break;
+                                    default:
+                                        throw std::runtime_error("{{#: not implemented context type: " + boost::lexical_cast<std::string>((int)ctx.t()));
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        case ActionType::CloseBlock:
+                            stack.pop_back();
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            throw std::runtime_error("not implemented " + boost::lexical_cast<std::string>((int)action.t));
+                    }
+                    current++;
+                }
+                auto& fragment = fragments_[actionEnd];
+                render_fragment(fragment, indent, out);
+            }
+            void render_fragment(const std::pair<int, int> fragment, int indent, std::string& out)
+            {
+                if (indent)
+                {
+                    for(int i = fragment.first; i < fragment.second; i ++)
+                    {
+                        out += body_[i];
+                        if (body_[i] == '\n' && i+1 != (int)body_.size())
+                            out.insert(out.size(), indent, ' ');
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    out.insert(out.size(), body_, fragment.first, fragment.second-fragment.first);
+            }
+        public:
+            std::string render()
+            {
+                context empty_ctx;
+                std::vector<context*> stack;
+                stack.emplace_back(&empty_ctx);
+
+                std::string ret;
+                render_internal(0, fragments_.size()-1, stack, ret, 0);
+                return ret;
+            }
+            std::string render(context& ctx)
+            {
+                std::vector<context*> stack;
+                stack.emplace_back(&ctx);
+
+                std::string ret;
+                render_internal(0, fragments_.size()-1, stack, ret, 0);
+                return ret;
+            }
+
+        private:
+
+            void parse()
+            {
+                std::string tag_open = "{{";
+                std::string tag_close = "}}";
+
+                std::vector<int> blockPositions;
+                
+                size_t current = 0;
+                while(1)
+                {
+                    size_t idx = body_.find(tag_open, current);
+                    if (idx == body_.npos)
+                    {
+                        fragments_.emplace_back(current, body_.size());
+                        actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Ignore, 0, 0);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    fragments_.emplace_back(current, idx);
+
+                    idx += tag_open.size();
+                    size_t endIdx = body_.find(tag_close, idx);
+                    if (endIdx == idx)
+                    {
+                        throw invalid_template_exception("empty tag is not allowed");
+                    }
+                    if (endIdx == body_.npos)
+                    {
+                        // error, no matching tag
+                        throw invalid_template_exception("not matched opening tag");
+                    }
+                    current = endIdx + tag_close.size();
+                    switch(body_[idx])
+                    {
+                        case '#':
+                            idx++;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            blockPositions.emplace_back(actions_.size());
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::OpenBlock, idx, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                        case '/':
+                            idx++;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            {
+                                auto& matched = actions_[blockPositions.back()];
+                                if (body_.compare(idx, endIdx-idx, 
+                                        body_, matched.start, matched.end - matched.start) != 0)
+                                {
+                                    throw invalid_template_exception("not matched {{# {{/ pair: " + 
+                                        body_.substr(matched.start, matched.end - matched.start) + ", " + 
+                                        body_.substr(idx, endIdx-idx));
+                                }
+                                matched.pos = actions_.size();
+                            }
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::CloseBlock, idx, endIdx, blockPositions.back());
+                            blockPositions.pop_back();
+                            break;
+                        case '^':
+                            idx++;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            blockPositions.emplace_back(actions_.size());
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::ElseBlock, idx, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                        case '!':
+                            // do nothing action
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Ignore, idx+1, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                        case '>': // partial
+                            idx++;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Partial, idx, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                        case '{':
+                            if (tag_open != "{{" || tag_close != "}}")
+                                throw invalid_template_exception("cannot use triple mustache when delimiter changed");
+
+                            idx ++;
+                            if (body_[endIdx+2] != '}')
+                            {
+                                throw invalid_template_exception("{{{: }}} not matched");
+                            }
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::UnescapeTag, idx, endIdx);
+                            current++;
+                            break;
+                        case '&':
+                            idx ++;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::UnescapeTag, idx, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                        case '=':
+                            // tag itself is no-op
+                            idx ++;
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Ignore, idx, endIdx);
+                            endIdx --;
+                            if (body_[endIdx] != '=')
+                                throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: not matching = tag: "+body_.substr(idx, endIdx-idx));
+                            endIdx --;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            endIdx++;
+                            {
+                                bool succeeded = false;
+                                for(size_t i = idx; i < endIdx; i++)
+                                {
+                                    if (body_[i] == ' ')
+                                    {
+                                        tag_open = body_.substr(idx, i-idx);
+                                        while(body_[i] == ' ') i++;
+                                        tag_close = body_.substr(i, endIdx-i);
+                                        if (tag_open.empty())
+                                            throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: empty open tag");
+                                        if (tag_close.empty())
+                                            throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: empty close tag");
+
+                                        if (tag_close.find(" ") != tag_close.npos)
+                                            throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: invalid open/close tag: "+tag_open+" " + tag_close);
+                                        succeeded = true;
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                }
+                                if (!succeeded)
+                                    throw invalid_template_exception("{{=: cannot find space between new open/close tags");
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            // normal tag case;
+                            while(body_[idx] == ' ') idx++;
+                            while(body_[endIdx-1] == ' ') endIdx--;
+                            actions_.emplace_back(ActionType::Tag, idx, endIdx);
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // removing standalones
+                for(int i = actions_.size()-2; i >= 0; i --)
+                {
+                    if (actions_[i].t == ActionType::Tag || actions_[i].t == ActionType::UnescapeTag)
+                        continue;
+                    auto& fragment_before = fragments_[i];
+                    auto& fragment_after = fragments_[i+1];
+                    bool is_last_action = i == (int)actions_.size()-2;
+                    bool all_space_before = true;
+                    int j, k;
+                    for(j = fragment_before.second-1;j >= fragment_before.first;j--)
+                    {
+                        if (body_[j] != ' ')
+                        {
+                            all_space_before = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (all_space_before && i > 0)
+                        continue;
+                    if (!all_space_before && body_[j] != '\n')
+                        continue;
+                    bool all_space_after = true;
+                    for(k = fragment_after.first; k < (int)body_.size() && k < fragment_after.second; k ++)
+                    {
+                        if (body_[k] != ' ')
+                        {
+                            all_space_after = false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (all_space_after && !is_last_action)
+                        continue;
+                    if (!all_space_after && 
+                            !(
+                                body_[k] == '\n' 
+                            || 
+                                (body_[k] == '\r' && 
+                                k + 1 < (int)body_.size() && 
+                                body_[k+1] == '\n')))
+                        continue;
+                    if (actions_[i].t == ActionType::Partial)
+                    {
+                        actions_[i].pos = fragment_before.second - j - 1;
+                    }
+                    fragment_before.second = j+1;
+                    if (!all_space_after)
+                    {
+                        if (body_[k] == '\n')
+                            k++;
+                        else 
+                            k += 2;
+                        fragment_after.first = k;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            
+            std::vector<std::pair<int,int>> fragments_;
+            std::vector<Action> actions_;
+            std::string body_;
         };
 
-        template <>
-        struct single_tag_to_type<3>
+        inline template_t compile(const std::string& body)
         {
-            using type = double;
-        };
-
-        template <>
-        struct single_tag_to_type<4>
+            return template_t(body);
+        }
+        namespace detail
         {
-            using type = std::string;
-        };
+            inline std::string& get_template_base_directory_ref()
+            {
+                static std::string template_base_directory = "templates";
+                return template_base_directory;
+            }
+        }
 
-        template <>
-        struct single_tag_to_type<5>
+        inline std::string default_loader(const std::string& filename)
         {
-            using type = std::string;
-        };
-
+            std::ifstream inf(detail::get_template_base_directory_ref() + filename);
+            if (!inf)
+                return {};
+            return {std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(inf), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>()};
+        }
 
-        template <uint64_t Tag> 
-        struct arguments
+        namespace detail
         {
-            using subarguments = typename arguments<Tag/6>::type;
-            using type = 
-                typename subarguments::template push<typename single_tag_to_type<Tag%6>::type>;
-        };
+            inline std::function<std::string (std::string)>& get_loader_ref()
+            {
+                static std::function<std::string (std::string)> loader = default_loader;
+                return loader;
+            }
+        }
 
-        template <> 
-        struct arguments<0>
+        inline void set_base(const std::string& path)
         {
-            using type = S<>;
-        };
+            auto& base = detail::get_template_base_directory_ref();
+            base = path;
+            if (base.back() != '\\' && 
+                base.back() != '/')
+            {
+                base += '/';
+            }
+        }
 
-        template <typename ... T>
-        struct last_element_type
+        inline void set_loader(std::function<std::string(std::string)> loader)
         {
-            using type = typename std::tuple_element<sizeof...(T)-1, std::tuple<T...>>::type;
-        };
-
+            detail::get_loader_ref() = std::move(loader);
+        }
 
-        template <>
-        struct last_element_type<>
+        inline template_t load(const std::string& filename)
         {
-        };
-
-
-        // from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13072359/c11-compile-time-array-with-logarithmic-evaluation-depth
-        template<class T> using Invoke = typename T::type;
-
-        template<unsigned...> struct seq{ using type = seq; };
-
-        template<class S1, class S2> struct concat;
-
-        template<unsigned... I1, unsigned... I2>
-        struct concat<seq<I1...>, seq<I2...>>
-          : seq<I1..., (sizeof...(I1)+I2)...>{};
+            return compile(detail::get_loader_ref()(filename));
+        }
+    }
+}
 
-        template<class S1, class S2>
-        using Concat = Invoke<concat<S1, S2>>;
 
-        template<unsigned N> struct gen_seq;
-        template<unsigned N> using GenSeq = Invoke<gen_seq<N>>;
 
-        template<unsigned N>
-        struct gen_seq : Concat<GenSeq<N/2>, GenSeq<N - N/2>>{};
+#pragma once
+// settings for crow
+// TODO - replace with runtime config. libucl?
 
-        template<> struct gen_seq<0> : seq<>{};
-        template<> struct gen_seq<1> : seq<0>{};
+/* #ifdef - enables debug mode */
+#define CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
 
-        template <typename Seq, typename Tuple> 
-        struct pop_back_helper;
+/* #ifdef - enables logging */
+#define CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
 
-        template <unsigned ... N, typename Tuple>
-        struct pop_back_helper<seq<N...>, Tuple>
-        {
-            template <template <typename ... Args> class U>
-            using rebind = U<typename std::tuple_element<N, Tuple>::type...>;
-        };
+/* #define - specifies log level */
+/*
+    DEBUG       = 0
+    INFO        = 1
+    WARNING     = 2
+    ERROR       = 3
+    CRITICAL    = 4
 
-        template <typename ... T>
-        struct pop_back //: public pop_back_helper<typename gen_seq<sizeof...(T)-1>::type, std::tuple<T...>>
-        {
-            template <template <typename ... Args> class U>
-            using rebind = typename pop_back_helper<typename gen_seq<sizeof...(T)-1>::type, std::tuple<T...>>::template rebind<U>;
-        };
+    default to INFO
+*/
+#define CROW_LOG_LEVEL 1
 
-        template <>
-        struct pop_back<>
-        {
-            template <template <typename ... Args> class U>
-            using rebind = U<>;
-        };
 
-        // from http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2118541/check-if-c0x-parameter-pack-contains-a-type
-        template < typename Tp, typename... List >
-        struct contains : std::true_type {};
+// compiler flags
+#if __cplusplus >= 201402L
+#define CROW_CAN_USE_CPP14
+#endif
 
-        template < typename Tp, typename Head, typename... Rest >
-        struct contains<Tp, Head, Rest...>
-        : std::conditional< std::is_same<Tp, Head>::value,
-            std::true_type,
-            contains<Tp, Rest...>
-        >::type {};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#if _MSC_VER < 1900
+#define CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+#define constexpr const
+#define noexcept throw()
+#endif
+#endif
 
-        template < typename Tp >
-        struct contains<Tp> : std::false_type {};
 
-        template <typename T>
-        struct empty_context
-        {
-        };
 
-        template <typename T>
-        struct promote
-        {
-            using type = T;
-        };
+#pragma once
 
-#define CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(t1, t2) \
-        template<> \
-        struct promote<t1> \
-        {  \
-            using type = t2; \
-        }
+#include <string>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
 
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(char, int64_t);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(short, int64_t);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(int, int64_t);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(long, int64_t);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(long long, int64_t);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned char, uint64_t);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned short, uint64_t);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned int, uint64_t);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned long, uint64_t);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(unsigned long long, uint64_t);
-        CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE(float, double);
-#undef CROW_INTERNAL_PROMOTE_TYPE
 
-        template <typename T>
-        using promote_t = typename promote<T>::type;
 
-    } // namespace black_magic
 
-    namespace detail
+namespace crow
+{
+    enum class LogLevel
     {
+        DEBUG,
+        INFO,
+        WARNING,
+        ERROR,
+        CRITICAL,
+    };
 
-        template <class T, std::size_t N, class... Args>
-        struct get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl
-        {
-            static constexpr auto value = N;
-        };
-
-        template <class T, std::size_t N, class... Args>
-        struct get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, N, T, Args...>
-        {
-            static constexpr auto value = N;
-        };
+    class ILogHandler {
+        public:
+            virtual void log(std::string message, LogLevel level) = 0;
+    };
 
-        template <class T, std::size_t N, class U, class... Args>
-        struct get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, N, U, Args...>
-        {
-            static constexpr auto value = get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, N + 1, Args...>::value;
-        };
+    class CerrLogHandler : public ILogHandler {
+        public:
+            void log(std::string message, LogLevel level) override {
+                std::cerr << message;
+            }
+    };
 
-    } // namespace detail
+    class logger {
 
-    namespace utility
-    {
-        template <class T, class... Args>
-        T& get_element_by_type(std::tuple<Args...>& t)
-        {
-            return std::get<detail::get_index_of_element_from_tuple_by_type_impl<T, 0, Args...>::value>(t);
-        }
+        private:
+            //
+            static std::string timestamp()
+            {
+                char date[32];
+                time_t t = time(0);
 
-        template<typename T> 
-        struct function_traits;  
+                tm my_tm;
 
-#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
-        template<typename T> 
-        struct function_traits : public function_traits<decltype(&T::operator())>
-        {
-            using parent_t = function_traits<decltype(&T::operator())>;
-            static const size_t arity = parent_t::arity;
-            using result_type = typename parent_t::result_type;
-            template <size_t i>
-            using arg = typename parent_t::template arg<i>;
-        
-        };  
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+                gmtime_s(&my_tm, &t);
+#else
+                gmtime_r(&t, &my_tm);
 #endif
 
-        template<typename ClassType, typename R, typename ...Args> 
-        struct function_traits<R(ClassType::*)(Args...) const>
-        {
-            static const size_t arity = sizeof...(Args);
+                size_t sz = strftime(date, sizeof(date), "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", &my_tm);
+                return std::string(date, date+sz);
+            }
 
-            typedef R result_type;
+        public:
 
-            template <size_t i>
-            using arg = typename std::tuple_element<i, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
-        };
 
-        template<typename ClassType, typename R, typename ...Args> 
-        struct function_traits<R(ClassType::*)(Args...)>
-        {
-            static const size_t arity = sizeof...(Args);
+            logger(std::string prefix, LogLevel level) : level_(level) {
+    #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
+                    stringstream_ << "(" << timestamp() << ") [" << prefix << "] ";
+    #endif
 
-            typedef R result_type;
+            }
+            ~logger() {
+    #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
+                if(level_ >= get_current_log_level()) {
+                    stringstream_ << std::endl;
+                    get_handler_ref()->log(stringstream_.str(), level_);
+                }
+    #endif
+            }
 
-            template <size_t i>
-            using arg = typename std::tuple_element<i, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
-        };
+            //
+            template <typename T>
+            logger& operator<<(T const &value) {
 
-        template<typename R, typename ...Args> 
-        struct function_traits<std::function<R(Args...)>>
-        {
-            static const size_t arity = sizeof...(Args);
+    #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_LOGGING
+                if(level_ >= get_current_log_level()) {
+                    stringstream_ << value;
+                }
+    #endif
+                return *this;
+            }
 
-            typedef R result_type;
+            //
+            static void setLogLevel(LogLevel level) {
+                get_log_level_ref() = level;
+            }
 
-            template <size_t i>
-            using arg = typename std::tuple_element<i, std::tuple<Args...>>::type;
-        };
+            static void setHandler(ILogHandler* handler) {
+                get_handler_ref() = handler;
+            }
 
-    } // namespace utility
+            static LogLevel get_current_log_level() {
+                return get_log_level_ref();
+            }
+
+        private:
+            //
+            static LogLevel& get_log_level_ref()
+            {
+                static LogLevel current_level = (LogLevel)CROW_LOG_LEVEL;
+                return current_level;
+            }
+            static ILogHandler*& get_handler_ref()
+            {
+                static CerrLogHandler default_handler;
+                static ILogHandler* current_handler = &default_handler;
+                return current_handler;
+            }
+
+            //
+            std::ostringstream stringstream_;
+            LogLevel level_;
+    };
 }
 
+#define CROW_LOG_CRITICAL   \
+        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::CRITICAL) \
+            crow::logger("CRITICAL", crow::LogLevel::CRITICAL)
+#define CROW_LOG_ERROR      \
+        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::ERROR) \
+            crow::logger("ERROR   ", crow::LogLevel::ERROR)
+#define CROW_LOG_WARNING    \
+        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::WARNING) \
+            crow::logger("WARNING ", crow::LogLevel::WARNING)
+#define CROW_LOG_INFO       \
+        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::INFO) \
+            crow::logger("INFO    ", crow::LogLevel::INFO)
+#define CROW_LOG_DEBUG      \
+        if (crow::logger::get_current_log_level() <= crow::LogLevel::DEBUG) \
+            crow::logger("DEBUG   ", crow::LogLevel::DEBUG)
+
+
 
 
 #pragma once
@@ -5840,51 +5719,173 @@ namespace crow
             std::cerr<<std::endl;
         }
 
-        template <typename T>
-        T get(unsigned) const;
+        template <typename T>
+        T get(unsigned) const;
+
+    };
+
+    template<>
+    inline int64_t routing_params::get<int64_t>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return int_params[index];
+    }
+
+    template<>
+    inline uint64_t routing_params::get<uint64_t>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return uint_params[index];
+    }
+
+    template<>
+    inline double routing_params::get<double>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return double_params[index];
+    }
+
+    template<>
+    inline std::string routing_params::get<std::string>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return string_params[index];
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+constexpr crow::HTTPMethod operator "" _method(const char* str, size_t len)
+{
+    return
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "GET", 3) ? crow::HTTPMethod::GET :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "DELETE", 6) ? crow::HTTPMethod::DELETE :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "HEAD", 4) ? crow::HTTPMethod::HEAD :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "POST", 4) ? crow::HTTPMethod::POST :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "PUT", 3) ? crow::HTTPMethod::PUT :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "OPTIONS", 7) ? crow::HTTPMethod::OPTIONS :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "CONNECT", 7) ? crow::HTTPMethod::CONNECT :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "TRACE", 5) ? crow::HTTPMethod::TRACE :
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid http method");
+};
+#endif
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <thread>
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace detail 
+    {
+        // fast timer queue for fixed tick value.
+        class dumb_timer_queue
+        {
+        public:
+            using key = std::pair<dumb_timer_queue*, int>;
+
+            void cancel(key& k)
+            {
+                auto self = k.first;
+                k.first = nullptr;
+                if (!self)
+                    return;
+
+                unsigned int index = (unsigned int)(k.second - self->step_);
+                if (index < self->dq_.size())
+                    self->dq_[index].second = nullptr;
+            }
+
+            key add(std::function<void()> f)
+            {
+                dq_.emplace_back(std::chrono::steady_clock::now(), std::move(f));
+                int ret = step_+dq_.size()-1;
+
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "timer add inside: " << this << ' ' << ret ;
+                return {this, ret};
+            }
+
+            void process()
+            {
+                if (!io_service_)
+                    return;
+
+                auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+                while(!dq_.empty())
+                {
+                    auto& x = dq_.front();
+                    if (now - x.first < std::chrono::seconds(tick))
+                        break;
+                    if (x.second)
+                    {
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "timer call: " << this << ' ' << step_;
+                        // we know that timer handlers are very simple currenty; call here
+                        x.second();
+                    }
+                    dq_.pop_front();
+                    step_++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            void set_io_service(boost::asio::io_service& io_service)
+            {
+                io_service_ = &io_service;
+            }
 
-    };
+            dumb_timer_queue() noexcept
+            {
+            }
 
-    template<>
-    inline int64_t routing_params::get<int64_t>(unsigned index) const
-    {
-        return int_params[index];
-    }
+        private:
 
-    template<>
-    inline uint64_t routing_params::get<uint64_t>(unsigned index) const
-    {
-        return uint_params[index];
+            int tick{5};
+            boost::asio::io_service* io_service_{};
+            std::deque<std::pair<decltype(std::chrono::steady_clock::now()), std::function<void()>>> dq_;
+            int step_{};
+        };
     }
+}
 
-    template<>
-    inline double routing_params::get<double>(unsigned index) const
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
+#include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    struct ci_hash
     {
-        return double_params[index];
-    }
+        size_t operator()(const std::string& key) const
+        {
+            std::size_t seed = 0;
+            std::locale locale;
 
-    template<>
-    inline std::string routing_params::get<std::string>(unsigned index) const
+            for(auto c : key)
+            {
+                boost::hash_combine(seed, std::toupper(c, locale));
+            }
+
+            return seed;
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct ci_key_eq
     {
-        return string_params[index];
-    }
-}
+        bool operator()(const std::string& l, const std::string& r) const
+        {
+            return boost::iequals(l, r);
+        }
+    };
 
-#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
-constexpr crow::HTTPMethod operator "" _method(const char* str, size_t len)
-{
-    return
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "GET", 3) ? crow::HTTPMethod::GET :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "DELETE", 6) ? crow::HTTPMethod::DELETE :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "HEAD", 4) ? crow::HTTPMethod::HEAD :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "POST", 4) ? crow::HTTPMethod::POST :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "PUT", 3) ? crow::HTTPMethod::PUT :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "OPTIONS", 7) ? crow::HTTPMethod::OPTIONS :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "CONNECT", 7) ? crow::HTTPMethod::CONNECT :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "TRACE", 5) ? crow::HTTPMethod::TRACE :
-        throw std::runtime_error("invalid http method");
-};
-#endif
+    using ci_map = std::unordered_multimap<std::string, std::string, ci_hash, ci_key_eq>;
+}
 
 
 
@@ -6159,11 +6160,14 @@ namespace crow
         response() {}
         explicit response(int code) : code(code) {}
         response(std::string body) : body(std::move(body)) {}
-        response(json::wvalue&& json_value) : json_value(std::move(json_value)) {}
+        response(json::wvalue&& json_value) : json_value(std::move(json_value)) 
+        {
+            json_mode();    
+        }
         response(int code, std::string body) : body(std::move(body)), code(code) {}
         response(const json::wvalue& json_value) : body(json::dump(json_value)) 
         {
-            set_header("Content-Type", "application/json");
+            json_mode();
         }
 
         response(response&& r)
@@ -6230,198 +6234,89 @@ namespace crow
             bool completed_{};
             std::function<void()> complete_request_handler_;
             std::function<bool()> is_alive_helper_;
+            
+            //In case of a JSON object, set the Content-Type header
+            void json_mode()
+            {
+                set_header("Content-Type", "application/json");
+            }
     };
 }
 
 
 
 #pragma once
-#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
 
 
 
 
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    // Any middleware requires following 3 members:
-
-    // struct context;
-    //      storing data for the middleware; can be read from another middleware or handlers
 
-    // before_handle
-    //      called before handling the request.
-    //      if res.end() is called, the operation is halted. 
-    //      (still call after_handle of this middleware)
-    //      2 signatures:
-    //      void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
-    //          if you only need to access this middlewares context.
-    //      template <typename AllContext>
-    //      void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx, AllContext& all_ctx)
-    //          you can access another middlewares' context by calling `all_ctx.template get<MW>()'
-    //          ctx == all_ctx.template get<CurrentMiddleware>()
 
-    // after_handle
-    //      called after handling the request.
-    //      void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
-    //      template <typename AllContext>
-    //      void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx, AllContext& all_ctx)
 
-    struct CookieParser
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace detail
     {
-        struct context
+        template <typename ... Middlewares>
+        struct partial_context
+            : public black_magic::pop_back<Middlewares...>::template rebind<partial_context>
+            , public black_magic::last_element_type<Middlewares...>::type::context
         {
-            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> jar;
-            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> cookies_to_add;
-
-            std::string get_cookie(const std::string& key)
-            {
-                if (jar.count(key))
-                    return jar[key];
-                return {};
-            }
+            using parent_context = typename black_magic::pop_back<Middlewares...>::template rebind<::crow::detail::partial_context>;
+            template <int N>
+            using partial = typename std::conditional<N == sizeof...(Middlewares)-1, partial_context, typename parent_context::template partial<N>>::type;
 
-            void set_cookie(const std::string& key, const std::string& value)
+            template <typename T> 
+            typename T::context& get()
             {
-                cookies_to_add.emplace(key, value);
+                return static_cast<typename T::context&>(*this);
             }
         };
 
-        void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+        template <>
+        struct partial_context<>
         {
-            int count = req.headers.count("Cookie");
-            if (!count)
-                return;
-            if (count > 1)
-            {
-                res.code = 400;
-                res.end();
-                return;
-            }
-            std::string cookies = req.get_header_value("Cookie");
-            size_t pos = 0;
-            while(pos < cookies.size())
-            {
-                size_t pos_equal = cookies.find('=', pos);
-                if (pos_equal == cookies.npos)
-                    break;
-                std::string name = cookies.substr(pos, pos_equal-pos);
-                boost::trim(name);
-                pos = pos_equal+1;
-                while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
-                if (pos == cookies.size())
-                    break;
-
-                std::string value;
-
-                if (cookies[pos] == '"')
-                {
-                    int dquote_meet_count = 0;
-                    pos ++;
-                    size_t pos_dquote = pos-1;
-                    do
-                    {
-                        pos_dquote = cookies.find('"', pos_dquote+1);
-                        dquote_meet_count ++;
-                    } while(pos_dquote < cookies.size() && cookies[pos_dquote-1] == '\\');
-                    if (pos_dquote == cookies.npos)
-                        break;
-
-                    if (dquote_meet_count == 1)
-                        value = cookies.substr(pos, pos_dquote - pos);
-                    else
-                    {
-                        value.clear();
-                        value.reserve(pos_dquote-pos);
-                        for(size_t p = pos; p < pos_dquote; p++)
-                        {
-                            // FIXME minimal escaping
-                            if (cookies[p] == '\\' && p + 1 < pos_dquote)
-                            {
-                                p++;
-                                if (cookies[p] == '\\' || cookies[p] == '"')
-                                    value += cookies[p];
-                                else
-                                {
-                                    value += '\\';
-                                    value += cookies[p];
-                                }
-                            }
-                            else
-                                value += cookies[p];
-                        }
-                    }
+            template <int>
+            using partial = partial_context;
+        };
 
-                    ctx.jar.emplace(std::move(name), std::move(value));
-                    pos = cookies.find(";", pos_dquote+1);
-                    if (pos == cookies.npos)
-                        break;
-                    pos++;
-                    while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
-                    if (pos == cookies.size())
-                        break;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    size_t pos_semicolon = cookies.find(';', pos);
-                    value = cookies.substr(pos, pos_semicolon - pos);
-                    boost::trim(value);
-                    ctx.jar.emplace(std::move(name), std::move(value));
-                    pos = pos_semicolon;
-                    if (pos == cookies.npos)
-                        break;
-                    pos ++;
-                    while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
-                    if (pos == cookies.size())
-                        break;
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares>
+        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx);
 
-        void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+        template <typename ... Middlewares>
+        struct context : private partial_context<Middlewares...>
+        //struct context : private Middlewares::context... // simple but less type-safe
         {
-            for(auto& cookie:ctx.cookies_to_add)
-            {
-                res.add_header("Set-Cookie", cookie.first + "=" + cookie.second);
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    /*
-    App<CookieParser, AnotherJarMW> app;
-    A B C
-    A::context
-        int aa;
-
-    ctx1 : public A::context
-    ctx2 : public ctx1, public B::context
-    ctx3 : public ctx2, public C::context
-
-    C depends on A
+            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+            friend typename std::enable_if<(N==0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res);
+            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+            friend typename std::enable_if<(N>0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res);
 
-    C::handle
-        context.aaa
+            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares2>
+            friend bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx);
 
-    App::context : private CookieParser::contetx, ... 
-    {
-        jar
+            template <typename T> 
+            typename T::context& get()
+            {
+                return static_cast<typename T::context&>(*this);
+            }
 
+            template <int N>
+            using partial = typename partial_context<Middlewares...>::template partial<N>;
+        };
     }
-
-    SimpleApp
-    */
 }
 
 
 
 #pragma once
-
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <utility>
-#include <tuple>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <memory>
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
 #include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+#include <boost/array.hpp>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <chrono>
 #include <vector>
 
 
@@ -6435,1689 +6330,1811 @@ namespace crow
 
 
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    class BaseRule
-    {
-    public:
-        BaseRule(std::string rule)
-            : rule_(std::move(rule))
-        {
-        }
-
-        virtual ~BaseRule()
-        {
-        }
-        
-        virtual void validate() = 0;
-
-        virtual void handle(const request&, response&, const routing_params&) = 0;
 
-        uint32_t get_methods()
-        {
-            return methods_;
-        }
 
-    protected:
-        uint32_t methods_{1<<(int)HTTPMethod::GET};
 
-        std::string rule_;
-        std::string name_;
-        friend class Router;
-        template <typename T>
-        friend struct RuleParameterTraits;
-    };
 
 
+namespace crow
+{
     namespace detail
     {
-        namespace routing_handler_call_helper
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_before_handle_arity_3_const
         {
-            template <typename T, int Pos>
-            struct call_pair
-            {
-                using type = T;
-                static const int pos = Pos;
-            };
-
-            template <typename H1>
-            struct call_params
-            {
-                H1& handler;
-                const routing_params& params;
-                const request& req;
-                response& res;
-            };
-
-            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename S1, typename S2> 
-            struct call
-            {
-            };
-
-            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2> 
-            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<int64_t, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
-            {
-                void operator()(F cparams)
-                {
-                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<int64_t, NInt>>;
-                    call<F, NInt+1, NUint, NDouble, NString,
-                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
-                }
-            };
-
-            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2> 
-            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<uint64_t, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
-            {
-                void operator()(F cparams)
-                {
-                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<uint64_t, NUint>>;
-                    call<F, NInt, NUint+1, NDouble, NString,
-                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
-                }
-            };
-
-            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2> 
-            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<double, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
-            {
-                void operator()(F cparams)
-                {
-                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<double, NDouble>>;
-                    call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble+1, NString,
-                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
-                }
-            };
-
-            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2> 
-            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<std::string, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
-            {
-                void operator()(F cparams)
-                {
-                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<std::string, NString>>;
-                    call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString+1,
-                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
-                }
-            };
-
-            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1> 
-            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<>, black_magic::S<Args1...>>
-            {
-                void operator()(F cparams)
-                {
-                    cparams.handler(
-                        cparams.req,
-                        cparams.res,
-                        cparams.params.template get<typename Args1::type>(Args1::pos)... 
-                    );
-                }
-            };
-
-            template <typename Func, typename ... ArgsWrapped>
-            struct Wrapped
-            {
-                template <typename ... Args>
-                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
-                    !std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value
-                , int>::type = 0)
-                {
-                    handler_ = (
-#ifdef CROW_CAN_USE_CPP14
-                        [f = std::move(f)]
-#else
-                        [f]
-#endif
-                        (const request&, response& res, Args... args){
-                            res = response(f(args...));
-                            res.end();
-                        });
-                }
-
-                template <typename Req, typename ... Args>
-                struct req_handler_wrapper
-                {
-                    req_handler_wrapper(Func f)
-                        : f(std::move(f))
-                    {
-                    }
-
-                    void operator()(const request& req, response& res, Args... args)
-                    {
-                        res = response(f(req, args...));
-                        res.end();
-                    }
-
-                    Func f;
-                };
-
-                template <typename ... Args>
-                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
-                        std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value &&
-                        !std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<1, std::tuple<Args..., void, void>>::type, response&>::value
-                        , int>::type = 0)
-                {
-                    handler_ = req_handler_wrapper<Args...>(std::move(f));
-                    /*handler_ = (
-                        [f = std::move(f)]
-                        (const request& req, response& res, Args... args){
-                             res = response(f(req, args...));
-                             res.end();
-                        });*/
-                }
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) const = &T::before_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
 
-                template <typename ... Args>
-                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
-                        std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value &&
-                        std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<1, std::tuple<Args..., void, void>>::type, response&>::value
-                        , int>::type = 0)
-                {
-                    handler_ = std::move(f);
-                }
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_before_handle_arity_3
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) = &T::before_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
 
-                template <typename ... Args>
-                struct handler_type_helper
-                {
-                    using type = std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)>;
-                    using args_type = black_magic::S<typename black_magic::promote_t<Args>...>; 
-                };
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_after_handle_arity_3_const
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) const = &T::after_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
 
-                template <typename ... Args>
-                struct handler_type_helper<const request&, Args...>
-                {
-                    using type = std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)>;
-                    using args_type = black_magic::S<typename black_magic::promote_t<Args>...>; 
-                };
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_after_handle_arity_3
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) = &T::after_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
 
-                template <typename ... Args>
-                struct handler_type_helper<const request&, response&, Args...>
-                {
-                    using type = std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)>;
-                    using args_type = black_magic::S<typename black_magic::promote_t<Args>...>; 
-                };
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_before_handle_arity_3_impl
+        {
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_before_handle_arity_3_const<T>::template get<C>*);
 
-                typename handler_type_helper<ArgsWrapped...>::type handler_;
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_before_handle_arity_3<T>::template get<C>*);
 
-                void operator()(const request& req, response& res, const routing_params& params)
-                {
-                    detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call<
-                        detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
-                            decltype(handler_)>,
-                        0, 0, 0, 0, 
-                        typename handler_type_helper<ArgsWrapped...>::args_type,
-                        black_magic::S<>
-                    >()(
-                        detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
-                            decltype(handler_)>
-                        {handler_, params, req, res}
-                   );
-                }
-            };
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::false_type f(...);
 
-        }
-    }
+        public:
+            static const bool value = decltype(f<T>(nullptr))::value;
+        };
 
-    template <typename T>
-    struct RuleParameterTraits
-    {
-        using self_t = T;
-        self_t& name(std::string name) noexcept
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_after_handle_arity_3_impl
         {
-            ((self_t*)this)->name_ = std::move(name);
-            return (self_t&)*this;
-        }
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_after_handle_arity_3_const<T>::template get<C>*);
 
-        self_t& methods(HTTPMethod method)
-        {
-            ((self_t*)this)->methods_ = 1 << (int)method;
-            return (self_t&)*this;
-        }
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_after_handle_arity_3<T>::template get<C>*);
 
-        template <typename ... MethodArgs>
-        self_t& methods(HTTPMethod method, MethodArgs ... args_method)
-        {
-            methods(args_method...);
-            ((self_t*)this)->methods_ |= 1 << (int)method;
-            return (self_t&)*this;
-        }
-    };
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::false_type f(...);
 
-    class DynamicRule : public BaseRule, public RuleParameterTraits<DynamicRule>
-    {
-    public:
+        public:
+            static const bool value = decltype(f<T>(nullptr))::value;
+        };
 
-        DynamicRule(std::string rule)
-            : BaseRule(std::move(rule))
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<!is_before_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        before_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& parent_ctx)
         {
+            mw.before_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>(), ctx);
         }
 
-        void validate() override
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<is_before_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        before_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& parent_ctx)
         {
-            if (!erased_handler_)
-            {
-                throw std::runtime_error(name_ + (!name_.empty() ? ": " : "") + "no handler for url " + rule_);
-            }
+            mw.before_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>());
         }
 
-        void handle(const request& req, response& res, const routing_params& params) override
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<!is_after_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        after_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& parent_ctx)
         {
-            erased_handler_(req, res, params);
+            mw.after_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>(), ctx);
         }
 
-        template <typename Func>
-        void operator()(Func f)
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<is_after_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        after_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& parent_ctx)
         {
-#ifdef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
-            using function_t = utility::function_traits<decltype(&Func::operator())>;
-#else
-            using function_t = utility::function_traits<Func>;
-#endif
-            erased_handler_ = wrap(std::move(f), black_magic::gen_seq<function_t::arity>());
+            mw.after_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>());
         }
 
-        // enable_if Arg1 == request && Arg2 == response
-        // enable_if Arg1 == request && Arg2 != resposne
-        // enable_if Arg1 != request
-        template <typename Func, unsigned ... Indices>
-        std::function<void(const request&, response&, const routing_params&)> 
-        wrap(Func f, black_magic::seq<Indices...>)
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares>
+        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx)
         {
-#ifdef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
-            using function_t = utility::function_traits<decltype(&Func::operator())>;
-#else
-            using function_t = utility::function_traits<Func>;
-#endif
-            if (!black_magic::is_paramter_tag_compatible(
-                black_magic::get_parameter_tag_runtime(rule_.c_str()), 
-                black_magic::compute_paramater_tag_from_args_list<
-                    typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...>::value))
+            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
+            before_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+
+            if (res.is_completed())
             {
-                throw std::runtime_error("route_dynamic: Handler type is mismatched with URL paramters: " + rule_);
+                after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+                return true;
             }
-            auto ret = detail::routing_handler_call_helper::Wrapped<Func, typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...>();
-            ret.template set<
-                typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...
-            >(std::move(f));
-            return ret;
-        }
-
-        template <typename Func>
-        void operator()(std::string name, Func&& f)
-        {
-            name_ = std::move(name);
-            (*this).template operator()<Func>(std::forward(f));
-        }
-    private:
-        std::function<void(const request&, response&, const routing_params&)> erased_handler_;
-
-    };
-
-    template <typename ... Args>
-    class TaggedRule : public BaseRule, public RuleParameterTraits<TaggedRule<Args...>>
-    {
-    public:
-        using self_t = TaggedRule<Args...>;
-
-        TaggedRule(std::string rule)
-            : BaseRule(std::move(rule))
-        {
-        }
 
-        void validate()
-        {
-            if (!handler_)
+            if (middleware_call_helper<N+1, Context, Container, Middlewares...>(middlewares, req, res, ctx))
             {
-                throw std::runtime_error(name_ + (!name_.empty() ? ": " : "") + "no handler for url " + rule_);
+                after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+                return true;
             }
+
+            return false;
         }
 
-        template <typename Func>
-        typename std::enable_if<black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value, void>::type
-        operator()(Func&& f)
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx)
         {
-            static_assert(black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value ||
-                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value , 
-                "Handler type is mismatched with URL paramters");
-            static_assert(!std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<Args>()...))>::value, 
-                "Handler function cannot have void return type; valid return types: string, int, crow::resposne, crow::json::wvalue");
-
-                handler_ = [f = std::move(f)](const request&, response& res, Args ... args){
-                    res = response(f(args...));
-                    res.end();
-                };
+            return false;
         }
 
-        template <typename Func>
-        typename std::enable_if<
-            !black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value &&
-            black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value, 
-            void>::type
-        operator()(Func&& f)
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        typename std::enable_if<(N<0)>::type 
+        after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& context, request& req, response& res)
         {
-            static_assert(black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value ||
-                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value, 
-                "Handler type is mismatched with URL paramters");
-            static_assert(!std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<crow::request>(), std::declval<Args>()...))>::value, 
-                "Handler function cannot have void return type; valid return types: string, int, crow::resposne, crow::json::wvalue");
-
-                handler_ = [f = std::move(f)](const crow::request& req, crow::response& res, Args ... args){
-                    res = response(f(req, args...));
-                    res.end();
-                };
         }
 
-        template <typename Func>
-        typename std::enable_if<
-            !black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value &&
-            !black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value, 
-            void>::type
-        operator()(Func&& f)
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        typename std::enable_if<(N==0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res)
         {
-            static_assert(black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value ||
-                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value ||
-                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, crow::response&, Args...>>::value
-                , 
-                "Handler type is mismatched with URL paramters");
-            static_assert(std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<crow::request>(), std::declval<crow::response&>(), std::declval<Args>()...))>::value, 
-                "Handler function with response argument should have void return type");
-
-                handler_ = std::move(f);
+            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
+            using CurrentMW = typename std::tuple_element<N, typename std::remove_reference<Container>::type>::type;
+            after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
         }
 
-        template <typename Func>
-        void operator()(std::string name, Func&& f)
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        typename std::enable_if<(N>0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res)
         {
-            name_ = std::move(name);
-            (*this).template operator()<Func>(std::forward(f));
+            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
+            using CurrentMW = typename std::tuple_element<N, typename std::remove_reference<Container>::type>::type;
+            after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+            after_handlers_call_helper<N-1, Context, Container>(middlewares, ctx, req, res);
         }
+    }
 
-        void handle(const request& req, response& res, const routing_params& params) override
+    using namespace boost;
+    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+    static int connectionCount;
+#endif
+    template <typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
+    class Connection
+    {
+    public:
+        Connection(
+            boost::asio::io_service& io_service, 
+            Handler* handler, 
+            const std::string& server_name,
+            std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares,
+            std::function<std::string()>& get_cached_date_str_f,
+            detail::dumb_timer_queue& timer_queue
+            ) 
+            : socket_(io_service), 
+            handler_(handler), 
+            parser_(this), 
+            server_name_(server_name),
+            middlewares_(middlewares),
+            get_cached_date_str(get_cached_date_str_f),
+            timer_queue(timer_queue)
         {
-            detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call<
-                detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
-                    decltype(handler_)>, 
-                0, 0, 0, 0, 
-                black_magic::S<Args...>, 
-                black_magic::S<>
-            >()(
-                detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
-                    decltype(handler_)>
-                {handler_, params, req, res}
-            );
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+            connectionCount ++;
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Connection open, total " << connectionCount << ", " << this;
+#endif
+        }
+        
+        ~Connection()
+        {
+            res.complete_request_handler_ = nullptr;
+            cancel_deadline_timer();
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+            connectionCount --;
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Connection closed, total " << connectionCount << ", " << this;
+#endif
         }
 
-    private:
-        std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)> handler_;
+        tcp::socket& socket()
+        {
+            return socket_;
+        }
 
-    };
+        void start()
+        {
+            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+            start_deadline();
 
-    const int RULE_SPECIAL_REDIRECT_SLASH = 1;
+            do_read();
+        }
 
-    class Trie
-    {
-    public:
-        struct Node
+        void handle_header()
         {
-            unsigned rule_index{};
-            std::array<unsigned, (int)ParamType::MAX> param_childrens{};
-            std::unordered_map<std::string, unsigned> children;
-
-            bool IsSimpleNode() const
+            // HTTP 1.1 Expect: 100-continue
+            if (parser_.check_version(1, 1) && parser_.headers.count("expect") && get_header_value(parser_.headers, "expect") == "100-continue")
             {
-                return 
-                    !rule_index &&
-                    std::all_of(
-                        std::begin(param_childrens), 
-                        std::end(param_childrens), 
-                        [](unsigned x){ return !x; });
+                buffers_.clear();
+                static std::string expect_100_continue = "HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(expect_100_continue.data(), expect_100_continue.size());
+                do_write();
             }
-        };
-
-        Trie() : nodes_(1)
-        {
         }
 
-private:
-        void optimizeNode(Node* node)
+        void handle()
         {
-            for(auto x : node->param_childrens)
+            cancel_deadline_timer();
+            bool is_invalid_request = false;
+            add_keep_alive_ = false;
+
+            req_ = std::move(parser_.to_request());
+            request& req = req_;
+            if (parser_.check_version(1, 0))
             {
-                if (!x)
-                    continue;
-                Node* child = &nodes_[x];
-                optimizeNode(child);
+                // HTTP/1.0
+                if (req.headers.count("connection"))
+                {
+                    if (boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("connection"),"Keep-Alive"))
+                        add_keep_alive_ = true;
+                }
+                else
+                    close_connection_ = true;
             }
-            if (node->children.empty())
-                return;
-            bool mergeWithChild = true;
-            for(auto& kv : node->children)
+            else if (parser_.check_version(1, 1))
             {
-                Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
-                if (!child->IsSimpleNode())
+                // HTTP/1.1
+                if (req.headers.count("connection"))
                 {
-                    mergeWithChild = false;
-                    break;
+                    if (req.get_header_value("connection") == "close")
+                        close_connection_ = true;
+                    else if (boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("connection"),"Keep-Alive"))
+                        add_keep_alive_ = true;
+                }
+                if (!req.headers.count("host"))
+                {
+                    is_invalid_request = true;
+                    res = response(400);
                 }
             }
-            if (mergeWithChild)
+
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Request: " << boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(socket_.remote_endpoint()) << " " << this << " HTTP/" << parser_.http_major << "." << parser_.http_minor << ' '
+             << method_name(req.method) << " " << req.url;
+
+
+            need_to_call_after_handlers_ = false;
+            if (!is_invalid_request)
             {
-                decltype(node->children) merged;
-                for(auto& kv : node->children)
+                res.complete_request_handler_ = []{};
+                res.is_alive_helper_ = [this]()->bool{ return socket_.is_open(); };
+
+                ctx_ = detail::context<Middlewares...>();
+                req.middleware_context = (void*)&ctx_;
+                detail::middleware_call_helper<0, decltype(ctx_), decltype(*middlewares_), Middlewares...>(*middlewares_, req, res, ctx_);
+
+                if (!res.completed_)
                 {
-                    Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
-                    for(auto& child_kv : child->children)
-                    {
-                        merged[kv.first + child_kv.first] = child_kv.second;
-                    }
+                    res.complete_request_handler_ = [this]{ this->complete_request(); };
+                    need_to_call_after_handlers_ = true;
+                    handler_->handle(req, res);
+                    if (add_keep_alive_)
+                        res.set_header("connection", "Keep-Alive");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    complete_request();
                 }
-                node->children = std::move(merged);
-                optimizeNode(node);
             }
             else
             {
-                for(auto& kv : node->children)
-                {
-                    Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
-                    optimizeNode(child);
-                }
+                complete_request();
             }
         }
 
-        void optimize()
+        void complete_request()
         {
-            optimizeNode(head());
-        }
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Response: " << this << ' ' << req_.raw_url << ' ' << res.code << ' ' << close_connection_;
 
-public:
-        void validate()
-        {
-            if (!head()->IsSimpleNode())
-                throw std::runtime_error("Internal error: Trie header should be simple!");
-            optimize();
-        }
+            if (need_to_call_after_handlers_)
+            {
+                need_to_call_after_handlers_ = false;
 
-        std::pair<unsigned, routing_params> find(const std::string& req_url, const Node* node = nullptr, unsigned pos = 0, routing_params* params = nullptr) const
-        {
-            routing_params empty;
-            if (params == nullptr)
-                params = &empty;
+                // call all after_handler of middlewares
+                detail::after_handlers_call_helper<
+                    ((int)sizeof...(Middlewares)-1),
+                    decltype(ctx_),
+                    decltype(*middlewares_)> 
+                (*middlewares_, ctx_, req_, res);
+            }
 
-            unsigned found{};
-            routing_params match_params;
+            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+            res.complete_request_handler_ = nullptr;
+            
+            if (!socket_.is_open())
+            {
+                //CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " delete (socket is closed) " << is_reading << ' ' << is_writing;
+                //delete this;
+                return;
+            }
 
-            if (node == nullptr)
-                node = head();
-            if (pos == req_url.size())
-                return {node->rule_index, *params};
+            static std::unordered_map<int, std::string> statusCodes = {
+                {200, "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"},
+                {201, "HTTP/1.1 201 Created\r\n"},
+                {202, "HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted\r\n"},
+                {204, "HTTP/1.1 204 No Content\r\n"},
 
-            auto update_found = [&found, &match_params](std::pair<unsigned, routing_params>& ret)
-            {
-                if (ret.first && (!found || found > ret.first))
-                {
-                    found = ret.first;
-                    match_params = std::move(ret.second);
-                }
+                {300, "HTTP/1.1 300 Multiple Choices\r\n"},
+                {301, "HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n"},
+                {302, "HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily\r\n"},
+                {304, "HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified\r\n"},
+
+                {400, "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n"},
+                {401, "HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\r\n"},
+                {403, "HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden\r\n"},
+                {404, "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"},
+
+                {500, "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n"},
+                {501, "HTTP/1.1 501 Not Implemented\r\n"},
+                {502, "HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway\r\n"},
+                {503, "HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable\r\n"},
             };
 
-            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::INT])
-            {
-                char c = req_url[pos];
-                if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '+' || c == '-')
-                {
-                    char* eptr;
-                    errno = 0;
-                    long long int value = strtoll(req_url.data()+pos, &eptr, 10);
-                    if (errno != ERANGE && eptr != req_url.data()+pos)
-                    {
-                        params->int_params.push_back(value);
-                        auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::INT]], eptr - req_url.data(), params);
-                        update_found(ret);
-                        params->int_params.pop_back();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+            static std::string seperator = ": ";
+            static std::string crlf = "\r\n";
 
-            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::UINT])
+            buffers_.clear();
+            buffers_.reserve(4*(res.headers.size()+5)+3);
+
+            if (res.body.empty() && res.json_value.t() == json::type::Object)
             {
-                char c = req_url[pos];
-                if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '+')
-                {
-                    char* eptr;
-                    errno = 0;
-                    unsigned long long int value = strtoull(req_url.data()+pos, &eptr, 10);
-                    if (errno != ERANGE && eptr != req_url.data()+pos)
-                    {
-                        params->uint_params.push_back(value);
-                        auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::UINT]], eptr - req_url.data(), params);
-                        update_found(ret);
-                        params->uint_params.pop_back();
-                    }
-                }
+                res.body = json::dump(res.json_value);
             }
 
-            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::DOUBLE])
+            if (!statusCodes.count(res.code))
+                res.code = 500;
             {
-                char c = req_url[pos];
-                if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '.')
-                {
-                    char* eptr;
-                    errno = 0;
-                    double value = strtod(req_url.data()+pos, &eptr);
-                    if (errno != ERANGE && eptr != req_url.data()+pos)
-                    {
-                        params->double_params.push_back(value);
-                        auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::DOUBLE]], eptr - req_url.data(), params);
-                        update_found(ret);
-                        params->double_params.pop_back();
-                    }
-                }
+                auto& status = statusCodes.find(res.code)->second;
+                buffers_.emplace_back(status.data(), status.size());
             }
 
-            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::STRING])
+            if (res.code >= 400 && res.body.empty())
+                res.body = statusCodes[res.code].substr(9);
+
+            for(auto& kv : res.headers)
             {
-                size_t epos = pos;
-                for(; epos < req_url.size(); epos ++)
-                {
-                    if (req_url[epos] == '/')
-                        break;
-                }
+                buffers_.emplace_back(kv.first.data(), kv.first.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(seperator.data(), seperator.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(kv.second.data(), kv.second.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
 
-                if (epos != pos)
-                {
-                    params->string_params.push_back(req_url.substr(pos, epos-pos));
-                    auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::STRING]], epos, params);
-                    update_found(ret);
-                    params->string_params.pop_back();
-                }
             }
 
-            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::PATH])
+            if (!res.headers.count("content-length"))
             {
-                size_t epos = req_url.size();
-
-                if (epos != pos)
-                {
-                    params->string_params.push_back(req_url.substr(pos, epos-pos));
-                    auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::PATH]], epos, params);
-                    update_found(ret);
-                    params->string_params.pop_back();
-                }
+                content_length_ = std::to_string(res.body.size());
+                static std::string content_length_tag = "Content-Length: ";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(content_length_tag.data(), content_length_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(content_length_.data(), content_length_.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
             }
-
-            for(auto& kv : node->children)
+            if (!res.headers.count("server"))
             {
-                const std::string& fragment = kv.first;
-                const Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
-
-                if (req_url.compare(pos, fragment.size(), fragment) == 0)
-                {
-                    auto ret = find(req_url, child, pos + fragment.size(), params);
-                    update_found(ret);
-                }
+                static std::string server_tag = "Server: ";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(server_tag.data(), server_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(server_name_.data(), server_name_.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            }
+            if (!res.headers.count("date"))
+            {
+                static std::string date_tag = "Date: ";
+                date_str_ = get_cached_date_str();
+                buffers_.emplace_back(date_tag.data(), date_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(date_str_.data(), date_str_.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            }
+            if (add_keep_alive_)
+            {
+                static std::string keep_alive_tag = "Connetion: Keep-Alive";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(keep_alive_tag.data(), keep_alive_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
             }
 
-            return {found, match_params};
-        }
+            buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            buffers_.emplace_back(res.body.data(), res.body.size());
 
-        void add(const std::string& url, unsigned rule_index)
-        {
-            unsigned idx{0};
+            do_write();
+            res.clear();
 
-            for(unsigned i = 0; i < url.size(); i ++)
+            if (need_to_start_read_after_complete_)
             {
-                char c = url[i];
-                if (c == '<')
+                need_to_start_read_after_complete_ = false;
+                start_deadline();
+                do_read();
+            }
+        }
+
+    private:
+        void do_read()
+        {
+            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+            is_reading = true;
+            socket_.async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(buffer_), 
+                [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred)
                 {
-                    static struct ParamTraits
+                    bool error_while_reading = true;
+                    if (!ec)
                     {
-                        ParamType type;
-                        std::string name;
-                    } paramTraits[] =
+                        bool ret = parser_.feed(buffer_.data(), bytes_transferred);
+                        if (ret && socket_.is_open() && !close_connection_)
+                        {
+                            error_while_reading = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (error_while_reading)
                     {
-                        { ParamType::INT, "<int>" },
-                        { ParamType::UINT, "<uint>" },
-                        { ParamType::DOUBLE, "<float>" },
-                        { ParamType::DOUBLE, "<double>" },
-                        { ParamType::STRING, "<str>" },
-                        { ParamType::STRING, "<string>" },
-                        { ParamType::PATH, "<path>" },
-                    };
+                        cancel_deadline_timer();
+                        parser_.done();
+                        socket_.close();
+                        is_reading = false;
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from read(1)";
+                        check_destroy();
+                    }
+                    else if (!need_to_call_after_handlers_)
+                    {
+                        start_deadline();
+                        do_read();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // res will be completed later by user
+                        need_to_start_read_after_complete_ = true;
+                    }
+                });
+        }
 
-                    for(auto& x:paramTraits)
+        void do_write()
+        {
+            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+            is_writing = true;
+            boost::asio::async_write(socket_, buffers_, 
+                [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred)
+                {
+                    is_writing = false;
+                    if (!ec)
                     {
-                        if (url.compare(i, x.name.size(), x.name) == 0)
+                        if (close_connection_)
                         {
-                            if (!nodes_[idx].param_childrens[(int)x.type])
-                            {
-                                auto new_node_idx = new_node();
-                                nodes_[idx].param_childrens[(int)x.type] = new_node_idx;
-                            }
-                            idx = nodes_[idx].param_childrens[(int)x.type];
-                            i += x.name.size();
-                            break;
+                            socket_.close();
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from write(1)";
+                            check_destroy();
                         }
                     }
-
-                    i --;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    std::string piece(&c, 1);
-                    if (!nodes_[idx].children.count(piece))
+                    else
                     {
-                        auto new_node_idx = new_node();
-                        nodes_[idx].children.emplace(piece, new_node_idx);
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from write(2)";
+                        check_destroy();
                     }
-                    idx = nodes_[idx].children[piece];
-                }
+                });
+        }
+
+        void check_destroy()
+        {
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " is_reading " << is_reading << " is_writing " << is_writing;
+            if (!is_reading && !is_writing)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " delete (idle) ";
+                delete this;
             }
-            if (nodes_[idx].rule_index)
-                throw std::runtime_error("handler already exists for " + url);
-            nodes_[idx].rule_index = rule_index;
         }
-    private:
-        void debug_node_print(Node* n, int level)
+
+        void cancel_deadline_timer()
         {
-            for(int i = 0; i < (int)ParamType::MAX; i ++)
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " timer cancelled: " << timer_cancel_key_.first << ' ' << timer_cancel_key_.second;
+            timer_queue.cancel(timer_cancel_key_);
+        }
+
+        void start_deadline(int timeout = 5)
+        {
+            cancel_deadline_timer();
+            
+            timer_cancel_key_ = timer_queue.add([this]
             {
-                if (n->param_childrens[i])
+                if (!socket_.is_open())
                 {
-                    CROW_LOG_DEBUG << std::string(2*level, ' ') /*<< "("<<n->param_childrens[i]<<") "*/;
-                    switch((ParamType)i)
-                    {
-                        case ParamType::INT:
-                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<int>";
-                            break;
-                        case ParamType::UINT:
-                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<uint>";
-                            break;
-                        case ParamType::DOUBLE:
-                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<float>";
-                            break;
-                        case ParamType::STRING:
-                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<str>";
-                            break;
-                        case ParamType::PATH:
-                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<path>";
-                            break;
-                        default:
-                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<ERROR>";
-                            break;
-                    }
+                    return;
+                }
+                socket_.close();
+            });
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " timer added: " << timer_cancel_key_.first << ' ' << timer_cancel_key_.second;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        tcp::socket socket_;
+        Handler* handler_;
+
+        boost::array<char, 4096> buffer_;
+
+        HTTPParser<Connection> parser_;
+        request req_;
+        response res;
+
+        bool close_connection_ = false;
+
+        const std::string& server_name_;
+        std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> buffers_;
+
+        std::string content_length_;
+        std::string date_str_;
+
+        //boost::asio::deadline_timer deadline_;
+        detail::dumb_timer_queue::key timer_cancel_key_;
+
+        bool is_reading{};
+        bool is_writing{};
+        bool need_to_call_after_handlers_{};
+        bool need_to_start_read_after_complete_{};
+        bool add_keep_alive_{};
 
-                    debug_node_print(&nodes_[n->param_childrens[i]], level+1);
-                }
-            }
-            for(auto& kv : n->children)
-            {
-                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << std::string(2*level, ' ') /*<< "(" << kv.second << ") "*/ << kv.first;
-                debug_node_print(&nodes_[kv.second], level+1);
-            }
-        }
+        std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares_;
+        detail::context<Middlewares...> ctx_;
 
-    public:
-        void debug_print()
-        {
-            debug_node_print(head(), 0);
-        }
+        std::function<std::string()>& get_cached_date_str;
+        detail::dumb_timer_queue& timer_queue;
+    };
 
-    private:
-        const Node* head() const
-        {
-            return &nodes_.front();
-        }
+}
 
-        Node* head()
-        {
-            return &nodes_.front();
-        }
 
-        unsigned new_node()
-        {
-            nodes_.resize(nodes_.size()+1);
-            return nodes_.size() - 1;
-        }
 
-        std::vector<Node> nodes_;
-    };
+#pragma once
 
-    class Router
-    {
-    public:
-        Router() : rules_(2) 
-        {
-        }
+#include <boost/date_time/posix_time/posix_time.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <future>
+#include <vector>
 
-        DynamicRule& new_rule_dynamic(const std::string& rule)
-        {
-            auto ruleObject = new DynamicRule(rule);
+#include <memory>
 
-            internal_add_rule_object(rule, ruleObject);
 
-            return *ruleObject;
-        }
 
-        template <uint64_t N>
-        typename black_magic::arguments<N>::type::template rebind<TaggedRule>& new_rule_tagged(const std::string& rule)
-        {
-            using RuleT = typename black_magic::arguments<N>::type::template rebind<TaggedRule>;
-            auto ruleObject = new RuleT(rule);
 
-            internal_add_rule_object(rule, ruleObject);
 
-            return *ruleObject;
-        }
 
-        void internal_add_rule_object(const std::string& rule, BaseRule* ruleObject)
-        {
-            rules_.emplace_back(ruleObject);
-            trie_.add(rule, rules_.size() - 1);
 
-            // directory case: 
-            //   request to `/about' url matches `/about/' rule 
-            if (rule.size() > 1 && rule.back() == '/')
-            {
-                std::string rule_without_trailing_slash = rule;
-                rule_without_trailing_slash.pop_back();
-                trie_.add(rule_without_trailing_slash, RULE_SPECIAL_REDIRECT_SLASH);
-            }
-        }
 
-        void validate()
+namespace crow
+{
+    using namespace boost;
+    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
+    
+    template <typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
+    class Server
+    {
+    public:
+        Server(Handler* handler, uint16_t port, std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares = nullptr, uint16_t concurrency = 1)
+            : acceptor_(io_service_, tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address(), port)), 
+            signals_(io_service_, SIGINT, SIGTERM),
+            handler_(handler), 
+            concurrency_(concurrency),
+            port_(port),
+            middlewares_(middlewares)
         {
-            trie_.validate();
-            for(auto& rule:rules_)
-            {
-                if (rule)
-                    rule->validate();
-            }
         }
 
-        void handle(const request& req, response& res)
+        void run()
         {
-            auto found = trie_.find(req.url);
+            if (concurrency_ < 0)
+                concurrency_ = 1;
 
-            unsigned rule_index = found.first;
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "???" << rule_index;
+            for(int i = 0; i < concurrency_;  i++)
+                io_service_pool_.emplace_back(new boost::asio::io_service());
+            get_cached_date_str_pool_.resize(concurrency_);
+            timer_queue_pool_.resize(concurrency_);
 
-            if (!rule_index)
-            {
-                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Cannot match rules " << req.url;
-                res = response(404);
-                res.end();
-                return;
-            }
+            std::vector<std::future<void>> v;
+            for(uint16_t i = 0; i < concurrency_; i ++)
+                v.push_back(
+                        std::async(std::launch::async, [this, i]{
 
-            if (rule_index >= rules_.size())
-                throw std::runtime_error("Trie internal structure corrupted!");
+                            // thread local date string get function
+                            auto last = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 
-            if (rule_index == RULE_SPECIAL_REDIRECT_SLASH)
-            {
-                CROW_LOG_INFO << "Redirecting to a url with trailing slash: " << req.url;
-                res = response(301);
+                            std::string date_str;
+                            auto update_date_str = [&]
+                            {
+                                auto last_time_t = time(0);
+                                tm my_tm;
 
-                // TODO absolute url building
-                if (req.get_header_value("Host").empty())
-                {
-                    res.add_header("Location", req.url + "/");
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    res.add_header("Location", "http://" + req.get_header_value("Host") + req.url + "/");
-                }
-                res.end();
-                return;
-            }
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+                                gmtime_s(&my_tm, &last_time_t);
+#else
+                                gmtime_r(&last_time_t, &my_tm);
+#endif
+                                date_str.resize(100);
+                                size_t date_str_sz = strftime(&date_str[0], 99, "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", &my_tm);
+                                date_str.resize(date_str_sz);
+                            };
+                            update_date_str();
+                            get_cached_date_str_pool_[i] = [&]()->std::string
+                            {
+                                if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - last >= std::chrono::seconds(1))
+                                {
+                                    last = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+                                    update_date_str();
+                                }
+                                return date_str;
+                            };
 
-            if ((rules_[rule_index]->get_methods() & (1<<(uint32_t)req.method)) == 0)
-            {
-                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Rule found but method mismatch: " << req.url << " with " << method_name(req.method) << "(" << (uint32_t)req.method << ") / " << rules_[rule_index]->get_methods();
-                res = response(404);
-                res.end();
-                return;
-            }
+                            // initializing timer queue
+                            detail::dumb_timer_queue timer_queue;
+                            timer_queue_pool_[i] = &timer_queue;
 
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Matched rule '" << rules_[rule_index]->rule_ << "' " << (uint32_t)req.method << " / " << rules_[rule_index]->get_methods();
+                            timer_queue.set_io_service(*io_service_pool_[i]);
+                            boost::asio::deadline_timer timer(*io_service_pool_[i]);
+                            timer.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::seconds(1));
 
-            // any uncaught exceptions become 500s
-            try
-            {
-                rules_[rule_index]->handle(req, res, found.second);
-            }
-            catch(std::exception& e)
-            {
-                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "An uncaught exception occurred: " << e.what();
-                res = response(500);
-                res.end();
-                return;   
-            }
-            catch(...)
+                            std::function<void(const boost::system::error_code& ec)> handler;
+                            handler = [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec){
+                                if (ec)
+                                    return;
+                                timer_queue.process();
+                                timer.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::seconds(1));
+                                timer.async_wait(handler);
+                            };
+                            timer.async_wait(handler);
+
+                            io_service_pool_[i]->run();
+                        }));
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << server_name_ << " server is running, local port " << port_;
+
+            signals_.async_wait(
+                [&](const boost::system::error_code& error, int signal_number){
+                    stop();
+                });
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < concurrency_; i++)
             {
-                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "An uncaught exception occurred. The type was unknown so no information was available.";
-                res = response(500);
-                res.end();
-                return;   
+                while (timer_queue_pool_[i] == nullptr)
+                    std::this_thread::yield();
             }
+
+            do_accept();
+
+            std::thread([this]{
+                io_service_.run();
+                CROW_LOG_INFO << "Exiting.";
+            }).join();
         }
 
-        void debug_print()
+        void stop()
         {
-            trie_.debug_print();
+            io_service_.stop();
+            for(auto& io_service:io_service_pool_)
+                io_service->stop();
+        }
+
+    private:
+        asio::io_service& pick_io_service()
+        {
+            // TODO load balancing
+            roundrobin_index_++;
+            if (roundrobin_index_ >= io_service_pool_.size())
+                roundrobin_index_ = 0;
+            return *io_service_pool_[roundrobin_index_];
+        }
+
+        void do_accept()
+        {
+            asio::io_service& is = pick_io_service();
+            auto p = new Connection<Handler, Middlewares...>(
+                is, handler_, server_name_, middlewares_,
+                get_cached_date_str_pool_[roundrobin_index_], *timer_queue_pool_[roundrobin_index_]
+                );
+            acceptor_.async_accept(p->socket(), 
+                [this, p, &is](boost::system::error_code ec)
+                {
+                    if (!ec)
+                    {
+                        is.post([p]
+                        {
+                            p->start();
+                        });
+                    }
+                    do_accept();
+                });
         }
 
     private:
-        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BaseRule>> rules_;
-        Trie trie_;
+        asio::io_service io_service_;
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<asio::io_service>> io_service_pool_;
+        std::vector<detail::dumb_timer_queue*> timer_queue_pool_;
+        std::vector<std::function<std::string()>> get_cached_date_str_pool_;
+        tcp::acceptor acceptor_;
+        boost::asio::signal_set signals_;
+
+        Handler* handler_;
+        uint16_t concurrency_{1};
+        std::string server_name_ = "Crow/0.1";
+        uint16_t port_;
+        unsigned int roundrobin_index_{};
+
+        std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares_;
     };
 }
 
 
 
 #pragma once
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
 
 
 
 
 
+namespace crow
+{
+    // Any middleware requires following 3 members:
+
+    // struct context;
+    //      storing data for the middleware; can be read from another middleware or handlers
 
+    // before_handle
+    //      called before handling the request.
+    //      if res.end() is called, the operation is halted. 
+    //      (still call after_handle of this middleware)
+    //      2 signatures:
+    //      void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+    //          if you only need to access this middlewares context.
+    //      template <typename AllContext>
+    //      void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx, AllContext& all_ctx)
+    //          you can access another middlewares' context by calling `all_ctx.template get<MW>()'
+    //          ctx == all_ctx.template get<CurrentMiddleware>()
 
+    // after_handle
+    //      called after handling the request.
+    //      void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+    //      template <typename AllContext>
+    //      void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx, AllContext& all_ctx)
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    namespace detail
+    struct CookieParser
     {
-        template <typename ... Middlewares>
-        struct partial_context
-            : public black_magic::pop_back<Middlewares...>::template rebind<partial_context>
-            , public black_magic::last_element_type<Middlewares...>::type::context
+        struct context
         {
-            using parent_context = typename black_magic::pop_back<Middlewares...>::template rebind<::crow::detail::partial_context>;
-            template <int N>
-            using partial = typename std::conditional<N == sizeof...(Middlewares)-1, partial_context, typename parent_context::template partial<N>>::type;
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> jar;
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> cookies_to_add;
 
-            template <typename T> 
-            typename T::context& get()
+            std::string get_cookie(const std::string& key)
             {
-                return static_cast<typename T::context&>(*this);
+                if (jar.count(key))
+                    return jar[key];
+                return {};
             }
-        };
 
-        template <>
-        struct partial_context<>
-        {
-            template <int>
-            using partial = partial_context;
+            void set_cookie(const std::string& key, const std::string& value)
+            {
+                cookies_to_add.emplace(key, value);
+            }
         };
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares>
-        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx);
-
-        template <typename ... Middlewares>
-        struct context : private partial_context<Middlewares...>
-        //struct context : private Middlewares::context... // simple but less type-safe
+        void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
         {
-            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-            friend typename std::enable_if<(N==0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res);
-            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-            friend typename std::enable_if<(N>0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res);
-
-            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares2>
-            friend bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx);
-
-            template <typename T> 
-            typename T::context& get()
+            int count = req.headers.count("Cookie");
+            if (!count)
+                return;
+            if (count > 1)
             {
-                return static_cast<typename T::context&>(*this);
+                res.code = 400;
+                res.end();
+                return;
             }
+            std::string cookies = req.get_header_value("Cookie");
+            size_t pos = 0;
+            while(pos < cookies.size())
+            {
+                size_t pos_equal = cookies.find('=', pos);
+                if (pos_equal == cookies.npos)
+                    break;
+                std::string name = cookies.substr(pos, pos_equal-pos);
+                boost::trim(name);
+                pos = pos_equal+1;
+                while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
+                if (pos == cookies.size())
+                    break;
 
-            template <int N>
-            using partial = typename partial_context<Middlewares...>::template partial<N>;
-        };
-    }
-}
-
-
-
-#pragma once
-#include <boost/asio.hpp>
-#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
-#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
-#include <boost/array.hpp>
-#include <atomic>
-#include <chrono>
-#include <vector>
-
-
-
-
+                std::string value;
 
+                if (cookies[pos] == '"')
+                {
+                    int dquote_meet_count = 0;
+                    pos ++;
+                    size_t pos_dquote = pos-1;
+                    do
+                    {
+                        pos_dquote = cookies.find('"', pos_dquote+1);
+                        dquote_meet_count ++;
+                    } while(pos_dquote < cookies.size() && cookies[pos_dquote-1] == '\\');
+                    if (pos_dquote == cookies.npos)
+                        break;
 
+                    if (dquote_meet_count == 1)
+                        value = cookies.substr(pos, pos_dquote - pos);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        value.clear();
+                        value.reserve(pos_dquote-pos);
+                        for(size_t p = pos; p < pos_dquote; p++)
+                        {
+                            // FIXME minimal escaping
+                            if (cookies[p] == '\\' && p + 1 < pos_dquote)
+                            {
+                                p++;
+                                if (cookies[p] == '\\' || cookies[p] == '"')
+                                    value += cookies[p];
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    value += '\\';
+                                    value += cookies[p];
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else
+                                value += cookies[p];
+                        }
+                    }
 
+                    ctx.jar.emplace(std::move(name), std::move(value));
+                    pos = cookies.find(";", pos_dquote+1);
+                    if (pos == cookies.npos)
+                        break;
+                    pos++;
+                    while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
+                    if (pos == cookies.size())
+                        break;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    size_t pos_semicolon = cookies.find(';', pos);
+                    value = cookies.substr(pos, pos_semicolon - pos);
+                    boost::trim(value);
+                    ctx.jar.emplace(std::move(name), std::move(value));
+                    pos = pos_semicolon;
+                    if (pos == cookies.npos)
+                        break;
+                    pos ++;
+                    while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
+                    if (pos == cookies.size())
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
+        void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+        {
+            for(auto& cookie:ctx.cookies_to_add)
+            {
+                res.add_header("Set-Cookie", cookie.first + "=" + cookie.second);
+            }
+        }
+    };
 
+    /*
+    App<CookieParser, AnotherJarMW> app;
+    A B C
+    A::context
+        int aa;
 
+    ctx1 : public A::context
+    ctx2 : public ctx1, public B::context
+    ctx3 : public ctx2, public C::context
 
+    C depends on A
 
+    C::handle
+        context.aaa
 
+    App::context : private CookieParser::contetx, ... 
+    {
+        jar
 
+    }
 
+    SimpleApp
+    */
+}
 
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    namespace detail
-    {
-        template <typename MW>
-        struct check_before_handle_arity_3_const
-        {
-            template <typename T,
-                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) const = &T::before_handle
-            >
-            struct get
-            { };
-        };
 
-        template <typename MW>
-        struct check_before_handle_arity_3
-        {
-            template <typename T,
-                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) = &T::before_handle
-            >
-            struct get
-            { };
-        };
+#pragma once
 
-        template <typename MW>
-        struct check_after_handle_arity_3_const
-        {
-            template <typename T,
-                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) const = &T::after_handle
-            >
-            struct get
-            { };
-        };
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <utility>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+#include <vector>
 
-        template <typename MW>
-        struct check_after_handle_arity_3
-        {
-            template <typename T,
-                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) = &T::after_handle
-            >
-            struct get
-            { };
-        };
 
-        template <typename T>
-        struct is_before_handle_arity_3_impl
-        {
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::true_type f(typename check_before_handle_arity_3_const<T>::template get<C>*);
 
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::true_type f(typename check_before_handle_arity_3<T>::template get<C>*);
 
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::false_type f(...);
 
-        public:
-            static const bool value = decltype(f<T>(nullptr))::value;
-        };
 
-        template <typename T>
-        struct is_after_handle_arity_3_impl
-        {
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::true_type f(typename check_after_handle_arity_3_const<T>::template get<C>*);
 
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::true_type f(typename check_after_handle_arity_3<T>::template get<C>*);
 
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::false_type f(...);
 
-        public:
-            static const bool value = decltype(f<T>(nullptr))::value;
-        };
 
-        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
-        typename std::enable_if<!is_before_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
-        before_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& parent_ctx)
-        {
-            mw.before_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>(), ctx);
-        }
 
-        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
-        typename std::enable_if<is_before_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
-        before_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& parent_ctx)
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    class BaseRule
+    {
+    public:
+        BaseRule(std::string rule)
+            : rule_(std::move(rule))
         {
-            mw.before_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>());
         }
 
-        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
-        typename std::enable_if<!is_after_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
-        after_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& parent_ctx)
+        virtual ~BaseRule()
         {
-            mw.after_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>(), ctx);
         }
+        
+        virtual void validate() = 0;
 
-        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
-        typename std::enable_if<is_after_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
-        after_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& parent_ctx)
+        virtual void handle(const request&, response&, const routing_params&) = 0;
+
+        uint32_t get_methods()
         {
-            mw.after_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>());
+            return methods_;
         }
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares>
-        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx)
+    protected:
+        uint32_t methods_{1<<(int)HTTPMethod::GET};
+
+        std::string rule_;
+        std::string name_;
+        friend class Router;
+        template <typename T>
+        friend struct RuleParameterTraits;
+    };
+
+
+    namespace detail
+    {
+        namespace routing_handler_call_helper
         {
-            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
-            before_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+            template <typename T, int Pos>
+            struct call_pair
+            {
+                using type = T;
+                static const int pos = Pos;
+            };
 
-            if (res.is_completed())
+            template <typename H1>
+            struct call_params
             {
-                after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
-                return true;
-            }
+                H1& handler;
+                const routing_params& params;
+                const request& req;
+                response& res;
+            };
 
-            if (middleware_call_helper<N+1, Context, Container, Middlewares...>(middlewares, req, res, ctx))
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename S1, typename S2> 
+            struct call
             {
-                after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
-                return true;
-            }
+            };
 
-            return false;
-        }
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2> 
+            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<int64_t, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
+            {
+                void operator()(F cparams)
+                {
+                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<int64_t, NInt>>;
+                    call<F, NInt+1, NUint, NDouble, NString,
+                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2> 
+            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<uint64_t, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
+            {
+                void operator()(F cparams)
+                {
+                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<uint64_t, NUint>>;
+                    call<F, NInt, NUint+1, NDouble, NString,
+                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2> 
+            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<double, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
+            {
+                void operator()(F cparams)
+                {
+                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<double, NDouble>>;
+                    call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble+1, NString,
+                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1, typename ... Args2> 
+            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<std::string, Args1...>, black_magic::S<Args2...>>
+            {
+                void operator()(F cparams)
+                {
+                    using pushed = typename black_magic::S<Args2...>::template push_back<call_pair<std::string, NString>>;
+                    call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString+1,
+                        black_magic::S<Args1...>, pushed>()(cparams);
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename F, int NInt, int NUint, int NDouble, int NString, typename ... Args1> 
+            struct call<F, NInt, NUint, NDouble, NString, black_magic::S<>, black_magic::S<Args1...>>
+            {
+                void operator()(F cparams)
+                {
+                    cparams.handler(
+                        cparams.req,
+                        cparams.res,
+                        cparams.params.template get<typename Args1::type>(Args1::pos)... 
+                    );
+                }
+            };
+
+            template <typename Func, typename ... ArgsWrapped>
+            struct Wrapped
+            {
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                    !std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value
+                , int>::type = 0)
+                {
+                    handler_ = (
+#ifdef CROW_CAN_USE_CPP14
+                        [f = std::move(f)]
+#else
+                        [f]
+#endif
+                        (const request&, response& res, Args... args){
+                            res = response(f(args...));
+                            res.end();
+                        });
+                }
+
+                template <typename Req, typename ... Args>
+                struct req_handler_wrapper
+                {
+                    req_handler_wrapper(Func f)
+                        : f(std::move(f))
+                    {
+                    }
+
+                    void operator()(const request& req, response& res, Args... args)
+                    {
+                        res = response(f(req, args...));
+                        res.end();
+                    }
+
+                    Func f;
+                };
+
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                        std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value &&
+                        !std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<1, std::tuple<Args..., void, void>>::type, response&>::value
+                        , int>::type = 0)
+                {
+                    handler_ = req_handler_wrapper<Args...>(std::move(f));
+                    /*handler_ = (
+                        [f = std::move(f)]
+                        (const request& req, response& res, Args... args){
+                             res = response(f(req, args...));
+                             res.end();
+                        });*/
+                }
+
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                        std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value &&
+                        std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<1, std::tuple<Args..., void, void>>::type, response&>::value
+                        , int>::type = 0)
+                {
+                    handler_ = std::move(f);
+                }
+
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                struct handler_type_helper
+                {
+                    using type = std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)>;
+                    using args_type = black_magic::S<typename black_magic::promote_t<Args>...>; 
+                };
+
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                struct handler_type_helper<const request&, Args...>
+                {
+                    using type = std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)>;
+                    using args_type = black_magic::S<typename black_magic::promote_t<Args>...>; 
+                };
+
+                template <typename ... Args>
+                struct handler_type_helper<const request&, response&, Args...>
+                {
+                    using type = std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)>;
+                    using args_type = black_magic::S<typename black_magic::promote_t<Args>...>; 
+                };
+
+                typename handler_type_helper<ArgsWrapped...>::type handler_;
+
+                void operator()(const request& req, response& res, const routing_params& params)
+                {
+                    detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call<
+                        detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
+                            decltype(handler_)>,
+                        0, 0, 0, 0, 
+                        typename handler_type_helper<ArgsWrapped...>::args_type,
+                        black_magic::S<>
+                    >()(
+                        detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
+                            decltype(handler_)>
+                        {handler_, params, req, res}
+                   );
+                }
+            };
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx)
-        {
-            return false;
         }
+    }
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-        typename std::enable_if<(N<0)>::type 
-        after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& context, request& req, response& res)
+    template <typename T>
+    struct RuleParameterTraits
+    {
+        using self_t = T;
+        self_t& name(std::string name) noexcept
         {
+            ((self_t*)this)->name_ = std::move(name);
+            return (self_t&)*this;
         }
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-        typename std::enable_if<(N==0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res)
+        self_t& methods(HTTPMethod method)
         {
-            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
-            using CurrentMW = typename std::tuple_element<N, typename std::remove_reference<Container>::type>::type;
-            after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+            ((self_t*)this)->methods_ = 1 << (int)method;
+            return (self_t&)*this;
         }
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-        typename std::enable_if<(N>0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res)
+        template <typename ... MethodArgs>
+        self_t& methods(HTTPMethod method, MethodArgs ... args_method)
         {
-            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
-            using CurrentMW = typename std::tuple_element<N, typename std::remove_reference<Container>::type>::type;
-            after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
-            after_handlers_call_helper<N-1, Context, Container>(middlewares, ctx, req, res);
+            methods(args_method...);
+            ((self_t*)this)->methods_ |= 1 << (int)method;
+            return (self_t&)*this;
         }
-    }
+    };
 
-    using namespace boost;
-    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
-#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
-    static int connectionCount;
-#endif
-    template <typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
-    class Connection
+    class DynamicRule : public BaseRule, public RuleParameterTraits<DynamicRule>
     {
     public:
-        Connection(
-            boost::asio::io_service& io_service, 
-            Handler* handler, 
-            const std::string& server_name,
-            std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares,
-            std::function<std::string()>& get_cached_date_str_f,
-            detail::dumb_timer_queue& timer_queue
-            ) 
-            : socket_(io_service), 
-            handler_(handler), 
-            parser_(this), 
-            server_name_(server_name),
-            middlewares_(middlewares),
-            get_cached_date_str(get_cached_date_str_f),
-            timer_queue(timer_queue)
-        {
-#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
-            connectionCount ++;
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Connection open, total " << connectionCount << ", " << this;
-#endif
-        }
-        
-        ~Connection()
+
+        DynamicRule(std::string rule)
+            : BaseRule(std::move(rule))
         {
-            res.complete_request_handler_ = nullptr;
-            cancel_deadline_timer();
-#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
-            connectionCount --;
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Connection closed, total " << connectionCount << ", " << this;
-#endif
         }
 
-        tcp::socket& socket()
+        void validate() override
         {
-            return socket_;
+            if (!erased_handler_)
+            {
+                throw std::runtime_error(name_ + (!name_.empty() ? ": " : "") + "no handler for url " + rule_);
+            }
         }
 
-        void start()
+        void handle(const request& req, response& res, const routing_params& params) override
         {
-            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
-            start_deadline();
-
-            do_read();
+            erased_handler_(req, res, params);
         }
 
-        void handle_header()
+        template <typename Func>
+        void operator()(Func f)
         {
-            // HTTP 1.1 Expect: 100-continue
-            if (parser_.check_version(1, 1) && parser_.headers.count("expect") && get_header_value(parser_.headers, "expect") == "100-continue")
-            {
-                buffers_.clear();
-                static std::string expect_100_continue = "HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n";
-                buffers_.emplace_back(expect_100_continue.data(), expect_100_continue.size());
-                do_write();
-            }
+#ifdef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+            using function_t = utility::function_traits<decltype(&Func::operator())>;
+#else
+            using function_t = utility::function_traits<Func>;
+#endif
+            erased_handler_ = wrap(std::move(f), black_magic::gen_seq<function_t::arity>());
         }
 
-        void handle()
+        // enable_if Arg1 == request && Arg2 == response
+        // enable_if Arg1 == request && Arg2 != resposne
+        // enable_if Arg1 != request
+#ifdef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+        template <typename Func, size_t ... Indices>
+#else
+        template <typename Func, unsigned ... Indices>
+#endif
+        std::function<void(const request&, response&, const routing_params&)> 
+        wrap(Func f, black_magic::seq<Indices...>)
         {
-            cancel_deadline_timer();
-            bool is_invalid_request = false;
-            add_keep_alive_ = false;
-
-            req_ = std::move(parser_.to_request());
-            request& req = req_;
-            if (parser_.check_version(1, 0))
-            {
-                // HTTP/1.0
-                if (req.headers.count("connection"))
-                {
-                    if (boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("connection"),"Keep-Alive"))
-                        add_keep_alive_ = true;
-                }
-                else
-                    close_connection_ = true;
-            }
-            else if (parser_.check_version(1, 1))
-            {
-                // HTTP/1.1
-                if (req.headers.count("connection"))
-                {
-                    if (req.get_header_value("connection") == "close")
-                        close_connection_ = true;
-                    else if (boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("connection"),"Keep-Alive"))
-                        add_keep_alive_ = true;
-                }
-                if (!req.headers.count("host"))
-                {
-                    is_invalid_request = true;
-                    res = response(400);
-                }
-            }
-
-            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Request: " << boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(socket_.remote_endpoint()) << " " << this << " HTTP/" << parser_.http_major << "." << parser_.http_minor << ' '
-             << method_name(req.method) << " " << req.url;
-
-
-            need_to_call_after_handlers_ = false;
-            if (!is_invalid_request)
-            {
-                res.complete_request_handler_ = []{};
-                res.is_alive_helper_ = [this]()->bool{ return socket_.is_open(); };
-
-                ctx_ = detail::context<Middlewares...>();
-                req.middleware_context = (void*)&ctx_;
-                detail::middleware_call_helper<0, decltype(ctx_), decltype(*middlewares_), Middlewares...>(*middlewares_, req, res, ctx_);
-
-                if (!res.completed_)
-                {
-                    res.complete_request_handler_ = [this]{ this->complete_request(); };
-                    need_to_call_after_handlers_ = true;
-                    handler_->handle(req, res);
-                    if (add_keep_alive_)
-                        res.set_header("connection", "Keep-Alive");
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    complete_request();
-                }
-            }
-            else
+#ifdef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+            using function_t = utility::function_traits<decltype(&Func::operator())>;
+#else
+            using function_t = utility::function_traits<Func>;
+#endif
+            if (!black_magic::is_parameter_tag_compatible(
+                black_magic::get_parameter_tag_runtime(rule_.c_str()), 
+                black_magic::compute_parameter_tag_from_args_list<
+                    typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...>::value))
             {
-                complete_request();
+                throw std::runtime_error("route_dynamic: Handler type is mismatched with URL parameters: " + rule_);
             }
+            auto ret = detail::routing_handler_call_helper::Wrapped<Func, typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...>();
+            ret.template set<
+                typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...
+            >(std::move(f));
+            return ret;
         }
 
-        void complete_request()
+        template <typename Func>
+        void operator()(std::string name, Func&& f)
         {
-            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Response: " << this << ' ' << req_.raw_url << ' ' << res.code << ' ' << close_connection_;
-
-            if (need_to_call_after_handlers_)
-            {
-                need_to_call_after_handlers_ = false;
-
-                // call all after_handler of middlewares
-                detail::after_handlers_call_helper<
-                    ((int)sizeof...(Middlewares)-1),
-                    decltype(ctx_),
-                    decltype(*middlewares_)> 
-                (*middlewares_, ctx_, req_, res);
-            }
-
-            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
-            res.complete_request_handler_ = nullptr;
-            
-            if (!socket_.is_open())
-            {
-                //CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " delete (socket is closed) " << is_reading << ' ' << is_writing;
-                //delete this;
-                return;
-            }
-
-            static std::unordered_map<int, std::string> statusCodes = {
-                {200, "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"},
-                {201, "HTTP/1.1 201 Created\r\n"},
-                {202, "HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted\r\n"},
-                {204, "HTTP/1.1 204 No Content\r\n"},
-
-                {300, "HTTP/1.1 300 Multiple Choices\r\n"},
-                {301, "HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n"},
-                {302, "HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily\r\n"},
-                {304, "HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified\r\n"},
-
-                {400, "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n"},
-                {401, "HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\r\n"},
-                {403, "HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden\r\n"},
-                {404, "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"},
-
-                {500, "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n"},
-                {501, "HTTP/1.1 501 Not Implemented\r\n"},
-                {502, "HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway\r\n"},
-                {503, "HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable\r\n"},
-            };
+            name_ = std::move(name);
+            (*this).template operator()<Func>(std::forward(f));
+        }
+    private:
+        std::function<void(const request&, response&, const routing_params&)> erased_handler_;
 
-            static std::string seperator = ": ";
-            static std::string crlf = "\r\n";
+    };
 
-            buffers_.clear();
-            buffers_.reserve(4*(res.headers.size()+5)+3);
+    template <typename ... Args>
+    class TaggedRule : public BaseRule, public RuleParameterTraits<TaggedRule<Args...>>
+    {
+    public:
+        using self_t = TaggedRule<Args...>;
 
-            if (res.body.empty() && res.json_value.t() == json::type::Object)
-            {
-                res.body = json::dump(res.json_value);
-            }
+        TaggedRule(std::string rule)
+            : BaseRule(std::move(rule))
+        {
+        }
 
-            if (!statusCodes.count(res.code))
-                res.code = 500;
+        void validate()
+        {
+            if (!handler_)
             {
-                auto& status = statusCodes.find(res.code)->second;
-                buffers_.emplace_back(status.data(), status.size());
+                throw std::runtime_error(name_ + (!name_.empty() ? ": " : "") + "no handler for url " + rule_);
             }
+        }
 
-            if (res.code >= 400 && res.body.empty())
-                res.body = statusCodes[res.code].substr(9);
+        template <typename Func>
+        typename std::enable_if<black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value, void>::type
+        operator()(Func&& f)
+        {
+            static_assert(black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value ||
+                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value , 
+                "Handler type is mismatched with URL parameters");
+            static_assert(!std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<Args>()...))>::value, 
+                "Handler function cannot have void return type; valid return types: string, int, crow::resposne, crow::json::wvalue");
 
-            for(auto& kv : res.headers)
-            {
-                buffers_.emplace_back(kv.first.data(), kv.first.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(seperator.data(), seperator.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(kv.second.data(), kv.second.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+                handler_ = [f = std::move(f)](const request&, response& res, Args ... args){
+                    res = response(f(args...));
+                    res.end();
+                };
+        }
 
-            }
+        template <typename Func>
+        typename std::enable_if<
+            !black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value &&
+            black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value, 
+            void>::type
+        operator()(Func&& f)
+        {
+            static_assert(black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value ||
+                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value, 
+                "Handler type is mismatched with URL parameters");
+            static_assert(!std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<crow::request>(), std::declval<Args>()...))>::value, 
+                "Handler function cannot have void return type; valid return types: string, int, crow::resposne, crow::json::wvalue");
 
-            if (!res.headers.count("content-length"))
-            {
-                content_length_ = std::to_string(res.body.size());
-                static std::string content_length_tag = "Content-Length: ";
-                buffers_.emplace_back(content_length_tag.data(), content_length_tag.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(content_length_.data(), content_length_.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
-            }
-            if (!res.headers.count("server"))
-            {
-                static std::string server_tag = "Server: ";
-                buffers_.emplace_back(server_tag.data(), server_tag.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(server_name_.data(), server_name_.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
-            }
-            if (!res.headers.count("date"))
-            {
-                static std::string date_tag = "Date: ";
-                date_str_ = get_cached_date_str();
-                buffers_.emplace_back(date_tag.data(), date_tag.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(date_str_.data(), date_str_.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
-            }
-            if (add_keep_alive_)
-            {
-                static std::string keep_alive_tag = "Connetion: Keep-Alive";
-                buffers_.emplace_back(keep_alive_tag.data(), keep_alive_tag.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
-            }
+                handler_ = [f = std::move(f)](const crow::request& req, crow::response& res, Args ... args){
+                    res = response(f(req, args...));
+                    res.end();
+                };
+        }
 
-            buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
-            buffers_.emplace_back(res.body.data(), res.body.size());
+        template <typename Func>
+        typename std::enable_if<
+            !black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value &&
+            !black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value, 
+            void>::type
+        operator()(Func&& f)
+        {
+            static_assert(black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<Args...>>::value ||
+                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, Args...>>::value ||
+                black_magic::CallHelper<Func, black_magic::S<crow::request, crow::response&, Args...>>::value
+                , 
+                "Handler type is mismatched with URL parameters");
+            static_assert(std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<crow::request>(), std::declval<crow::response&>(), std::declval<Args>()...))>::value, 
+                "Handler function with response argument should have void return type");
 
-            do_write();
-            res.clear();
+                handler_ = std::move(f);
+        }
 
-            if (need_to_start_read_after_complete_)
-            {
-                need_to_start_read_after_complete_ = false;
-                start_deadline();
-                do_read();
-            }
+        template <typename Func>
+        void operator()(std::string name, Func&& f)
+        {
+            name_ = std::move(name);
+            (*this).template operator()<Func>(std::forward(f));
+        }
+
+        void handle(const request& req, response& res, const routing_params& params) override
+        {
+            detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call<
+                detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
+                    decltype(handler_)>, 
+                0, 0, 0, 0, 
+                black_magic::S<Args...>, 
+                black_magic::S<>
+            >()(
+                detail::routing_handler_call_helper::call_params<
+                    decltype(handler_)>
+                {handler_, params, req, res}
+            );
         }
 
     private:
-        void do_read()
+        std::function<void(const crow::request&, crow::response&, Args...)> handler_;
+
+    };
+
+    const int RULE_SPECIAL_REDIRECT_SLASH = 1;
+
+    class Trie
+    {
+    public:
+        struct Node
         {
-            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
-            is_reading = true;
-            socket_.async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(buffer_), 
-                [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred)
-                {
-                    bool error_while_reading = true;
-                    if (!ec)
-                    {
-                        bool ret = parser_.feed(buffer_.data(), bytes_transferred);
-                        if (ret && socket_.is_open() && !close_connection_)
-                        {
-                            error_while_reading = false;
-                        }
-                    }
+            unsigned rule_index{};
+            std::array<unsigned, (int)ParamType::MAX> param_childrens{};
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, unsigned> children;
 
-                    if (error_while_reading)
-                    {
-                        cancel_deadline_timer();
-                        parser_.done();
-                        socket_.close();
-                        is_reading = false;
-                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from read(1)";
-                        check_destroy();
-                    }
-                    else if (!need_to_call_after_handlers_)
-                    {
-                        start_deadline();
-                        do_read();
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        // res will be completed later by user
-                        need_to_start_read_after_complete_ = true;
-                    }
-                });
-        }
+            bool IsSimpleNode() const
+            {
+                return 
+                    !rule_index &&
+                    std::all_of(
+                        std::begin(param_childrens), 
+                        std::end(param_childrens), 
+                        [](unsigned x){ return !x; });
+            }
+        };
 
-        void do_write()
+        Trie() : nodes_(1)
         {
-            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
-            is_writing = true;
-            boost::asio::async_write(socket_, buffers_, 
-                [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred)
-                {
-                    is_writing = false;
-                    if (!ec)
-                    {
-                        if (close_connection_)
-                        {
-                            socket_.close();
-                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from write(1)";
-                            check_destroy();
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from write(2)";
-                        check_destroy();
-                    }
-                });
         }
 
-        void check_destroy()
+private:
+        void optimizeNode(Node* node)
         {
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " is_reading " << is_reading << " is_writing " << is_writing;
-            if (!is_reading && !is_writing)
+            for(auto x : node->param_childrens)
+            {
+                if (!x)
+                    continue;
+                Node* child = &nodes_[x];
+                optimizeNode(child);
+            }
+            if (node->children.empty())
+                return;
+            bool mergeWithChild = true;
+            for(auto& kv : node->children)
+            {
+                Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
+                if (!child->IsSimpleNode())
+                {
+                    mergeWithChild = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (mergeWithChild)
+            {
+                decltype(node->children) merged;
+                for(auto& kv : node->children)
+                {
+                    Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
+                    for(auto& child_kv : child->children)
+                    {
+                        merged[kv.first + child_kv.first] = child_kv.second;
+                    }
+                }
+                node->children = std::move(merged);
+                optimizeNode(node);
+            }
+            else
             {
-                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " delete (idle) ";
-                delete this;
+                for(auto& kv : node->children)
+                {
+                    Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
+                    optimizeNode(child);
+                }
             }
         }
 
-        void cancel_deadline_timer()
+        void optimize()
         {
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " timer cancelled: " << timer_cancel_key_.first << ' ' << timer_cancel_key_.second;
-            timer_queue.cancel(timer_cancel_key_);
+            optimizeNode(head());
         }
 
-        void start_deadline(int timeout = 5)
+public:
+        void validate()
         {
-            cancel_deadline_timer();
-            
-            timer_cancel_key_ = timer_queue.add([this]
-            {
-                if (!socket_.is_open())
-                {
-                    return;
-                }
-                socket_.close();
-            });
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " timer added: " << timer_cancel_key_.first << ' ' << timer_cancel_key_.second;
+            if (!head()->IsSimpleNode())
+                throw std::runtime_error("Internal error: Trie header should be simple!");
+            optimize();
         }
 
-    private:
-        tcp::socket socket_;
-        Handler* handler_;
+        std::pair<unsigned, routing_params> find(const std::string& req_url, const Node* node = nullptr, unsigned pos = 0, routing_params* params = nullptr) const
+        {
+            routing_params empty;
+            if (params == nullptr)
+                params = &empty;
 
-        boost::array<char, 4096> buffer_;
+            unsigned found{};
+            routing_params match_params;
 
-        HTTPParser<Connection> parser_;
-        request req_;
-        response res;
+            if (node == nullptr)
+                node = head();
+            if (pos == req_url.size())
+                return {node->rule_index, *params};
 
-        bool close_connection_ = false;
+            auto update_found = [&found, &match_params](std::pair<unsigned, routing_params>& ret)
+            {
+                if (ret.first && (!found || found > ret.first))
+                {
+                    found = ret.first;
+                    match_params = std::move(ret.second);
+                }
+            };
 
-        const std::string& server_name_;
-        std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> buffers_;
+            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::INT])
+            {
+                char c = req_url[pos];
+                if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '+' || c == '-')
+                {
+                    char* eptr;
+                    errno = 0;
+                    long long int value = strtoll(req_url.data()+pos, &eptr, 10);
+                    if (errno != ERANGE && eptr != req_url.data()+pos)
+                    {
+                        params->int_params.push_back(value);
+                        auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::INT]], eptr - req_url.data(), params);
+                        update_found(ret);
+                        params->int_params.pop_back();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
 
-        std::string content_length_;
-        std::string date_str_;
+            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::UINT])
+            {
+                char c = req_url[pos];
+                if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '+')
+                {
+                    char* eptr;
+                    errno = 0;
+                    unsigned long long int value = strtoull(req_url.data()+pos, &eptr, 10);
+                    if (errno != ERANGE && eptr != req_url.data()+pos)
+                    {
+                        params->uint_params.push_back(value);
+                        auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::UINT]], eptr - req_url.data(), params);
+                        update_found(ret);
+                        params->uint_params.pop_back();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
 
-        //boost::asio::deadline_timer deadline_;
-        detail::dumb_timer_queue::key timer_cancel_key_;
+            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::DOUBLE])
+            {
+                char c = req_url[pos];
+                if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9') || c == '+' || c == '-' || c == '.')
+                {
+                    char* eptr;
+                    errno = 0;
+                    double value = strtod(req_url.data()+pos, &eptr);
+                    if (errno != ERANGE && eptr != req_url.data()+pos)
+                    {
+                        params->double_params.push_back(value);
+                        auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::DOUBLE]], eptr - req_url.data(), params);
+                        update_found(ret);
+                        params->double_params.pop_back();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
 
-        bool is_reading{};
-        bool is_writing{};
-        bool need_to_call_after_handlers_{};
-        bool need_to_start_read_after_complete_{};
-        bool add_keep_alive_{};
+            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::STRING])
+            {
+                size_t epos = pos;
+                for(; epos < req_url.size(); epos ++)
+                {
+                    if (req_url[epos] == '/')
+                        break;
+                }
 
-        std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares_;
-        detail::context<Middlewares...> ctx_;
+                if (epos != pos)
+                {
+                    params->string_params.push_back(req_url.substr(pos, epos-pos));
+                    auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::STRING]], epos, params);
+                    update_found(ret);
+                    params->string_params.pop_back();
+                }
+            }
 
-        std::function<std::string()>& get_cached_date_str;
-        detail::dumb_timer_queue& timer_queue;
-    };
+            if (node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::PATH])
+            {
+                size_t epos = req_url.size();
 
-}
+                if (epos != pos)
+                {
+                    params->string_params.push_back(req_url.substr(pos, epos-pos));
+                    auto ret = find(req_url, &nodes_[node->param_childrens[(int)ParamType::PATH]], epos, params);
+                    update_found(ret);
+                    params->string_params.pop_back();
+                }
+            }
 
+            for(auto& kv : node->children)
+            {
+                const std::string& fragment = kv.first;
+                const Node* child = &nodes_[kv.second];
 
+                if (req_url.compare(pos, fragment.size(), fragment) == 0)
+                {
+                    auto ret = find(req_url, child, pos + fragment.size(), params);
+                    update_found(ret);
+                }
+            }
 
-#pragma once
+            return {found, match_params};
+        }
 
-#include <boost/date_time/posix_time/posix_time.hpp>
-#include <boost/asio.hpp>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <atomic>
-#include <future>
-#include <vector>
+        void add(const std::string& url, unsigned rule_index)
+        {
+            unsigned idx{0};
 
-#include <memory>
+            for(unsigned i = 0; i < url.size(); i ++)
+            {
+                char c = url[i];
+                if (c == '<')
+                {
+                    static struct ParamTraits
+                    {
+                        ParamType type;
+                        std::string name;
+                    } paramTraits[] =
+                    {
+                        { ParamType::INT, "<int>" },
+                        { ParamType::UINT, "<uint>" },
+                        { ParamType::DOUBLE, "<float>" },
+                        { ParamType::DOUBLE, "<double>" },
+                        { ParamType::STRING, "<str>" },
+                        { ParamType::STRING, "<string>" },
+                        { ParamType::PATH, "<path>" },
+                    };
+
+                    for(auto& x:paramTraits)
+                    {
+                        if (url.compare(i, x.name.size(), x.name) == 0)
+                        {
+                            if (!nodes_[idx].param_childrens[(int)x.type])
+                            {
+                                auto new_node_idx = new_node();
+                                nodes_[idx].param_childrens[(int)x.type] = new_node_idx;
+                            }
+                            idx = nodes_[idx].param_childrens[(int)x.type];
+                            i += x.name.size();
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
 
+                    i --;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    std::string piece(&c, 1);
+                    if (!nodes_[idx].children.count(piece))
+                    {
+                        auto new_node_idx = new_node();
+                        nodes_[idx].children.emplace(piece, new_node_idx);
+                    }
+                    idx = nodes_[idx].children[piece];
+                }
+            }
+            if (nodes_[idx].rule_index)
+                throw std::runtime_error("handler already exists for " + url);
+            nodes_[idx].rule_index = rule_index;
+        }
+    private:
+        void debug_node_print(Node* n, int level)
+        {
+            for(int i = 0; i < (int)ParamType::MAX; i ++)
+            {
+                if (n->param_childrens[i])
+                {
+                    CROW_LOG_DEBUG << std::string(2*level, ' ') /*<< "("<<n->param_childrens[i]<<") "*/;
+                    switch((ParamType)i)
+                    {
+                        case ParamType::INT:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<int>";
+                            break;
+                        case ParamType::UINT:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<uint>";
+                            break;
+                        case ParamType::DOUBLE:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<float>";
+                            break;
+                        case ParamType::STRING:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<str>";
+                            break;
+                        case ParamType::PATH:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<path>";
+                            break;
+                        default:
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "<ERROR>";
+                            break;
+                    }
 
+                    debug_node_print(&nodes_[n->param_childrens[i]], level+1);
+                }
+            }
+            for(auto& kv : n->children)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << std::string(2*level, ' ') /*<< "(" << kv.second << ") "*/ << kv.first;
+                debug_node_print(&nodes_[kv.second], level+1);
+            }
+        }
 
+    public:
+        void debug_print()
+        {
+            debug_node_print(head(), 0);
+        }
 
+    private:
+        const Node* head() const
+        {
+            return &nodes_.front();
+        }
 
+        Node* head()
+        {
+            return &nodes_.front();
+        }
 
+        unsigned new_node()
+        {
+            nodes_.resize(nodes_.size()+1);
+            return nodes_.size() - 1;
+        }
 
+        std::vector<Node> nodes_;
+    };
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    using namespace boost;
-    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
-    
-    template <typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
-    class Server
+    class Router
     {
     public:
-        Server(Handler* handler, uint16_t port, std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares = nullptr, uint16_t concurrency = 1)
-            : acceptor_(io_service_, tcp::endpoint(asio::ip::address(), port)), 
-            signals_(io_service_, SIGINT, SIGTERM),
-            handler_(handler), 
-            concurrency_(concurrency),
-            port_(port),
-            middlewares_(middlewares)
+        Router() : rules_(2) 
         {
         }
 
-        void run()
+        DynamicRule& new_rule_dynamic(const std::string& rule)
         {
-            if (concurrency_ < 0)
-                concurrency_ = 1;
+            auto ruleObject = new DynamicRule(rule);
 
-            for(int i = 0; i < concurrency_;  i++)
-                io_service_pool_.emplace_back(new boost::asio::io_service());
-            get_cached_date_str_pool_.resize(concurrency_);
-            timer_queue_pool_.resize(concurrency_);
+            internal_add_rule_object(rule, ruleObject);
 
-            std::vector<std::future<void>> v;
-            for(uint16_t i = 0; i < concurrency_; i ++)
-                v.push_back(
-                        std::async(std::launch::async, [this, i]{
+            return *ruleObject;
+        }
 
-                            // thread local date string get function
-                            auto last = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        template <uint64_t N>
+        typename black_magic::arguments<N>::type::template rebind<TaggedRule>& new_rule_tagged(const std::string& rule)
+        {
+            using RuleT = typename black_magic::arguments<N>::type::template rebind<TaggedRule>;
+            auto ruleObject = new RuleT(rule);
 
-                            std::string date_str;
-                            auto update_date_str = [&]
-                            {
-                                auto last_time_t = time(0);
-                                tm my_tm;
+            internal_add_rule_object(rule, ruleObject);
 
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-                                gmtime_s(&my_tm, &last_time_t);
-#else
-                                gmtime_r(&last_time_t, &my_tm);
-#endif
-                                date_str.resize(100);
-                                size_t date_str_sz = strftime(&date_str[0], 99, "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", &my_tm);
-                                date_str.resize(date_str_sz);
-                            };
-                            update_date_str();
-                            get_cached_date_str_pool_[i] = [&]()->std::string
-                            {
-                                if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - last >= std::chrono::seconds(1))
-                                {
-                                    last = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-                                    update_date_str();
-                                }
-                                return date_str;
-                            };
+            return *ruleObject;
+        }
 
-                            // initializing timer queue
-                            detail::dumb_timer_queue timer_queue;
-                            timer_queue_pool_[i] = &timer_queue;
+        void internal_add_rule_object(const std::string& rule, BaseRule* ruleObject)
+        {
+            rules_.emplace_back(ruleObject);
+            trie_.add(rule, rules_.size() - 1);
 
-                            timer_queue.set_io_service(*io_service_pool_[i]);
-                            boost::asio::deadline_timer timer(*io_service_pool_[i]);
-                            timer.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::seconds(1));
+            // directory case: 
+            //   request to `/about' url matches `/about/' rule 
+            if (rule.size() > 1 && rule.back() == '/')
+            {
+                std::string rule_without_trailing_slash = rule;
+                rule_without_trailing_slash.pop_back();
+                trie_.add(rule_without_trailing_slash, RULE_SPECIAL_REDIRECT_SLASH);
+            }
+        }
 
-                            std::function<void(const boost::system::error_code& ec)> handler;
-                            handler = [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec){
-                                if (ec)
-                                    return;
-                                timer_queue.process();
-                                timer.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::seconds(1));
-                                timer.async_wait(handler);
-                            };
-                            timer.async_wait(handler);
+        void validate()
+        {
+            trie_.validate();
+            for(auto& rule:rules_)
+            {
+                if (rule)
+                    rule->validate();
+            }
+        }
 
-                            io_service_pool_[i]->run();
-                        }));
-            CROW_LOG_INFO << server_name_ << " server is running, local port " << port_;
+        void handle(const request& req, response& res)
+        {
+            auto found = trie_.find(req.url);
 
-            signals_.async_wait(
-                [&](const boost::system::error_code& error, int signal_number){
-                    stop();
-                });
+            unsigned rule_index = found.first;
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "???" << rule_index;
 
-            for (int i = 0; i < concurrency_; i++)
+            if (!rule_index)
             {
-                while (timer_queue_pool_[i] == nullptr)
-                    std::this_thread::yield();
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Cannot match rules " << req.url;
+                res = response(404);
+                res.end();
+                return;
             }
 
-            do_accept();
+            if (rule_index >= rules_.size())
+                throw std::runtime_error("Trie internal structure corrupted!");
 
-            std::thread([this]{
-                io_service_.run();
-                CROW_LOG_INFO << "Exiting.";
-            }).join();
-        }
+            if (rule_index == RULE_SPECIAL_REDIRECT_SLASH)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_INFO << "Redirecting to a url with trailing slash: " << req.url;
+                res = response(301);
 
-        void stop()
-        {
-            io_service_.stop();
-            for(auto& io_service:io_service_pool_)
-                io_service->stop();
-        }
+                // TODO absolute url building
+                if (req.get_header_value("Host").empty())
+                {
+                    res.add_header("Location", req.url + "/");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    res.add_header("Location", "http://" + req.get_header_value("Host") + req.url + "/");
+                }
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
 
-    private:
-        asio::io_service& pick_io_service()
-        {
-            // TODO load balancing
-            roundrobin_index_++;
-            if (roundrobin_index_ >= io_service_pool_.size())
-                roundrobin_index_ = 0;
-            return *io_service_pool_[roundrobin_index_];
+            if ((rules_[rule_index]->get_methods() & (1<<(uint32_t)req.method)) == 0)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Rule found but method mismatch: " << req.url << " with " << method_name(req.method) << "(" << (uint32_t)req.method << ") / " << rules_[rule_index]->get_methods();
+                res = response(404);
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Matched rule '" << rules_[rule_index]->rule_ << "' " << (uint32_t)req.method << " / " << rules_[rule_index]->get_methods();
+
+            // any uncaught exceptions become 500s
+            try
+            {
+                rules_[rule_index]->handle(req, res, found.second);
+            }
+            catch(std::exception& e)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "An uncaught exception occurred: " << e.what();
+                res = response(500);
+                res.end();
+                return;   
+            }
+            catch(...)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "An uncaught exception occurred. The type was unknown so no information was available.";
+                res = response(500);
+                res.end();
+                return;   
+            }
         }
 
-        void do_accept()
+        void debug_print()
         {
-            asio::io_service& is = pick_io_service();
-            auto p = new Connection<Handler, Middlewares...>(
-                is, handler_, server_name_, middlewares_,
-                get_cached_date_str_pool_[roundrobin_index_], *timer_queue_pool_[roundrobin_index_]
-                );
-            acceptor_.async_accept(p->socket(), 
-                [this, p](boost::system::error_code ec)
-                {
-                    if (!ec)
-                    {
-                        p->start();
-                    }
-                    do_accept();
-                });
+            trie_.debug_print();
         }
 
     private:
-        asio::io_service io_service_;
-        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<asio::io_service>> io_service_pool_;
-        std::vector<detail::dumb_timer_queue*> timer_queue_pool_;
-        std::vector<std::function<std::string()>> get_cached_date_str_pool_;
-        tcp::acceptor acceptor_;
-        boost::asio::signal_set signals_;
-
-        Handler* handler_;
-        uint16_t concurrency_{1};
-        std::string server_name_ = "Crow/0.1";
-        uint16_t port_;
-        unsigned int roundrobin_index_{};
-
-        std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares_;
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BaseRule>> rules_;
+        Trie trie_;
     };
 }
 
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