Merge branch 'master' into master

15 files changed, 4447 insertions, 4219 deletions

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 6dcb0a2..cfe8b64 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -33,3 +33,6 @@ build
 
 .directory
 crow_all.h
+
+# conan.io
+build/
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index cec0186..5957c58 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -11,14 +11,22 @@ compiler:
 env:
   matrix:
     - COMPILER=g++-4.8 CCOMPILER=gcc-4.8 PUSH_COVERAGE=ON
+    - COMPILER=g++-4.9 CCOMPILER=gcc-4.9
+    - COMPILER=g++-5 CCOMPILER=gcc-5
+    - COMPILER=clang++-3.6 CCOMPILER=clang-3.6
 
 addons:
   apt:
     sources:
       - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
       - boost-latest
+      - llvm-toolchain-precise
+      - llvm-toolchain-precise-3.6
     packages:
       - g++-4.8
+      - g++-4.9
+      - g++-5
+      - clang-3.6
       - libboost1.55-all-dev
       - python-pip
 
@@ -36,4 +44,4 @@ script: make && ctest
 
 after_success:
   - cd ..
-  - if [ "PUSH_COVERAGE" == "ON" ]; then coveralls --gcov gcov-4.8 -i include --gcov-options '\-lp'; fi
+  - if [ "$PUSH_COVERAGE" == "ON" ]; then coveralls --gcov gcov-4.8 -i include --gcov-options '\-lp'; fi
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index e2d3bc7..f7f2d99 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8)
 project (crow_all)
+
+if(EXISTS "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/conanbuildinfo.cmake")
+include(${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/conanbuildinfo.cmake)
+conan_basic_setup()
+endif()
+
 set(CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_MODULE_PATH} "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake/")
 find_package(Tcmalloc)
 find_package(Threads)
@@ -24,13 +30,13 @@ endif()
 
 include_directories( ${Boost_INCLUDE_DIR} )
 
-set(PROJECT_INCLUDE_DIR 
+set(PROJECT_INCLUDE_DIR
 ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/include
 )
 
 include_directories("${PROJECT_INCLUDE_DIR}")
 include_directories("${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}")
- 
+
 #add_subdirectory(src)
 add_subdirectory(examples)
 if (MSVC)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index bea6c50..f6261b4 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ int main()
    - You can also use [json11](https://github.com/dropbox/json11) or [rapidjson](https://github.com/miloyip/rapidjson) for better speed or readability
  - [Mustache](http://mustache.github.io/) based templating library (crow::mustache)
  - Header only
- - Provide an amalgamated header file `crow_all.h' with every features
+ - Provide an amalgamated header file `crow_all.h` with every features
  - Middleware support
  - Websocket support
 
diff --git a/amalgamate/crow_all.h b/amalgamate/crow_all.h
index b2bf8d0..77fb663 100644
--- a/amalgamate/crow_all.h
+++ b/amalgamate/crow_all.h
@@ -1,2680 +1,199 @@
-/* merged revision: 5b951d74bd66ec9d38448e0a85b1cf8b85d97db3 */
-/* Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
- * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
- * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
- * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
- * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
- * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
- * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
- * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
- * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
- * IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-#ifndef CROW_http_parser_h
-#define CROW_http_parser_h
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-/* Also update SONAME in the Makefile whenever you change these. */
-#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MAJOR 2
-#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MINOR 3
-#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_PATCH 0
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER<1600)
-#include <BaseTsd.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-typedef __int8 int8_t;
-typedef unsigned __int8 uint8_t;
-typedef __int16 int16_t;
-typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
-typedef __int32 int32_t;
-typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
-typedef __int64 int64_t;
-typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
-#else
-#include <stdint.h>
-#endif
-
-/* Compile with -DHTTP_PARSER_STRICT=0 to make less checks, but run
- * faster
- */
-#ifndef CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
-# define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT 1
-#endif
-
-/* Maximium header size allowed. If the macro is not defined
- * before including this header then the default is used. To
- * change the maximum header size, define the macro in the build
- * environment (e.g. -DHTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE=<value>). To remove
- * the effective limit on the size of the header, define the macro
- * to a very large number (e.g. -DHTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE=0x7fffffff)
- */
-#ifndef CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE
-# define CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE (80*1024)
-#endif
-
-typedef struct http_parser http_parser;
-typedef struct http_parser_settings http_parser_settings;
-
-
-/* Callbacks should return non-zero to indicate an error. The parser will
- * then halt execution.
- *
- * The one exception is on_headers_complete. In a HTTP_RESPONSE parser
- * returning '1' from on_headers_complete will tell the parser that it
- * should not expect a body. This is used when receiving a response to a
- * HEAD request which may contain 'Content-Length' or 'Transfer-Encoding:
- * chunked' headers that indicate the presence of a body.
+/* 
  *
- * http_data_cb does not return data chunks. It will be call arbitrarally
- * many times for each string. E.G. you might get 10 callbacks for "on_url"
- * each providing just a few characters more data.
- */
-typedef int (*http_data_cb) (http_parser*, const char *at, size_t length);
-typedef int (*http_cb) (http_parser*);
-
-
-/* Request Methods */
-#define CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)         \
-  CROW_XX(0,  DELETE,      DELETE)       \
-  CROW_XX(1,  GET,         GET)          \
-  CROW_XX(2,  HEAD,        HEAD)         \
-  CROW_XX(3,  POST,        POST)         \
-  CROW_XX(4,  PUT,         PUT)          \
-  /* pathological */                \
-  CROW_XX(5,  CONNECT,     CONNECT)      \
-  CROW_XX(6,  OPTIONS,     OPTIONS)      \
-  CROW_XX(7,  TRACE,       TRACE)        \
-  /* webdav */                      \
-  CROW_XX(8,  COPY,        COPY)         \
-  CROW_XX(9,  LOCK,        LOCK)         \
-  CROW_XX(10, MKCOL,       MKCOL)        \
-  CROW_XX(11, MOVE,        MOVE)         \
-  CROW_XX(12, PROPFIND,    PROPFIND)     \
-  CROW_XX(13, PROPPATCH,   PROPPATCH)    \
-  CROW_XX(14, SEARCH,      SEARCH)       \
-  CROW_XX(15, UNLOCK,      UNLOCK)       \
-  /* subversion */                  \
-  CROW_XX(16, REPORT,      REPORT)       \
-  CROW_XX(17, MKACTIVITY,  MKACTIVITY)   \
-  CROW_XX(18, CHECKOUT,    CHECKOUT)     \
-  CROW_XX(19, MERGE,       MERGE)        \
-  /* upnp */                        \
-  CROW_XX(20, MSEARCH,     M-SEARCH)     \
-  CROW_XX(21, NOTIFY,      NOTIFY)       \
-  CROW_XX(22, SUBSCRIBE,   SUBSCRIBE)    \
-  CROW_XX(23, UNSUBSCRIBE, UNSUBSCRIBE)  \
-  /* RFC-5789 */                    \
-  CROW_XX(24, PATCH,       PATCH)        \
-  CROW_XX(25, PURGE,       PURGE)        \
-  /* CalDAV */                      \
-  CROW_XX(26, MKCALENDAR,  MKCALENDAR)   \
-
-enum http_method
-  {
-#define CROW_XX(num, name, string) HTTP_##name = num,
-  CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)
-#undef CROW_XX
-  };
-
-
-enum http_parser_type { HTTP_REQUEST, HTTP_RESPONSE, HTTP_BOTH };
-
-
-/* Flag values for http_parser.flags field */
-enum flags
-  { F_CHUNKED               = 1 << 0
-  , F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE = 1 << 1
-  , F_CONNECTION_CLOSE      = 1 << 2
-  , F_TRAILING              = 1 << 3
-  , F_UPGRADE               = 1 << 4
-  , F_SKIPBODY              = 1 << 5
-  };
-
-
-/* Map for errno-related constants
+ * TinySHA1 - a header only implementation of the SHA1 algorithm in C++. Based
+ * on the implementation in boost::uuid::details.
  * 
- * The provided argument should be a macro that takes 2 arguments.
- */
-#define CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_XX)                                           \
-  /* No error */                                                     \
-  CROW_XX(OK, "success")                                                  \
-                                                                     \
-  /* Callback-related errors */                                      \
-  CROW_XX(CB_message_begin, "the on_message_begin callback failed")       \
-  CROW_XX(CB_url, "the on_url callback failed")                           \
-  CROW_XX(CB_header_field, "the on_header_field callback failed")         \
-  CROW_XX(CB_header_value, "the on_header_value callback failed")         \
-  CROW_XX(CB_headers_complete, "the on_headers_complete callback failed") \
-  CROW_XX(CB_body, "the on_body callback failed")                         \
-  CROW_XX(CB_message_complete, "the on_message_complete callback failed") \
-  CROW_XX(CB_status, "the on_status callback failed")                     \
-                                                                     \
-  /* Parsing-related errors */                                       \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_EOF_STATE, "stream ended at an unexpected time")        \
-  CROW_XX(HEADER_OVERFLOW,                                                \
-     "too many header bytes seen; overflow detected")                \
-  CROW_XX(CLOSED_CONNECTION,                                              \
-     "data received after completed connection: close message")      \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_VERSION, "invalid HTTP version")                        \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_STATUS, "invalid HTTP status code")                     \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_METHOD, "invalid HTTP method")                          \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_URL, "invalid URL")                                     \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_HOST, "invalid host")                                   \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_PORT, "invalid port")                                   \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_PATH, "invalid path")                                   \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_QUERY_STRING, "invalid query string")                   \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_FRAGMENT, "invalid fragment")                           \
-  CROW_XX(LF_EXPECTED, "CROW_LF character expected")                           \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN, "invalid character in header")            \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH,                                         \
-     "invalid character in content-length header")                   \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE,                                             \
-     "invalid character in chunk size header")                       \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_CONSTANT, "invalid constant string")                    \
-  CROW_XX(INVALID_INTERNAL_STATE, "encountered unexpected internal state")\
-  CROW_XX(STRICT, "strict mode assertion failed")                         \
-  CROW_XX(PAUSED, "parser is paused")                                     \
-  CROW_XX(UNKNOWN, "an unknown error occurred")
-
-
-/* Define HPE_* values for each errno value above */
-#define CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_GEN(n, s) HPE_##n,
-enum http_errno {
-  CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_GEN)
-};
-#undef CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_GEN
-
-
-/* Get an http_errno value from an http_parser */
-#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(p)            ((enum http_errno) (p)->http_errno)
-
-
-struct http_parser {
-  /** PRIVATE **/
-  unsigned int type : 2;         /* enum http_parser_type */
-  unsigned int flags : 6;        /* F_* values from 'flags' enum; semi-public */
-  unsigned int state : 8;        /* enum state from http_parser.c */
-  unsigned int header_state : 8; /* enum header_state from http_parser.c */
-  unsigned int index : 8;        /* index into current matcher */
-
-  uint32_t nread;          /* # bytes read in various scenarios */
-  uint64_t content_length; /* # bytes in body (0 if no Content-Length header) */
-
-  /** READ-ONLY **/
-  unsigned short http_major;
-  unsigned short http_minor;
-  unsigned int status_code : 16; /* responses only */
-  unsigned int method : 8;       /* requests only */
-  unsigned int http_errno : 7;
-
-  /* 1 = Upgrade header was present and the parser has exited because of that.
-   * 0 = No upgrade header present.
-   * Should be checked when http_parser_execute() returns in addition to
-   * error checking.
-   */
-  unsigned int upgrade : 1;
-
-  /** PUBLIC **/
-  void *data; /* A pointer to get hook to the "connection" or "socket" object */
-};
-
-
-struct http_parser_settings {
-  http_cb      on_message_begin;
-  http_data_cb on_url;
-  http_data_cb on_status;
-  http_data_cb on_header_field;
-  http_data_cb on_header_value;
-  http_cb      on_headers_complete;
-  http_data_cb on_body;
-  http_cb      on_message_complete;
-};
-
-
-enum http_parser_url_fields
-  { UF_SCHEMA           = 0
-  , UF_HOST             = 1
-  , UF_PORT             = 2
-  , UF_PATH             = 3
-  , UF_QUERY            = 4
-  , UF_FRAGMENT         = 5
-  , UF_USERINFO         = 6
-  , UF_MAX              = 7
-  };
-
-
-/* Result structure for http_parser_parse_url().
- *
- * Callers should index into field_data[] with UF_* values iff field_set
- * has the relevant (1 << UF_*) bit set. As a courtesy to clients (and
- * because we probably have padding left over), we convert any port to
- * a uint16_t.
- */
-struct http_parser_url {
-  uint16_t field_set;           /* Bitmask of (1 << UF_*) values */
-  uint16_t port;                /* Converted UF_PORT string */
-
-  struct {
-    uint16_t off;               /* Offset into buffer in which field starts */
-    uint16_t len;               /* Length of run in buffer */
-  } field_data[UF_MAX];
-};
-
-
-/* Returns the library version. Bits 16-23 contain the major version number,
- * bits 8-15 the minor version number and bits 0-7 the patch level.
- * Usage example:
- *
- *   unsigned long version = http_parser_version();
- *   unsigned major = (version >> 16) & 255;
- *   unsigned minor = (version >> 8) & 255;
- *   unsigned patch = version & 255;
- *   printf("http_parser v%u.%u.%u\n", major, minor, version);
- */
-unsigned long http_parser_version(void);
-
-void http_parser_init(http_parser *parser, enum http_parser_type type);
-
-
-size_t http_parser_execute(http_parser *parser,
-                           const http_parser_settings *settings,
-                           const char *data,
-                           size_t len);
-
-
-/* If http_should_keep_alive() in the on_headers_complete or
- * on_message_complete callback returns 0, then this should be
- * the last message on the connection.
- * If you are the server, respond with the "Connection: close" header.
- * If you are the client, close the connection.
- */
-int http_should_keep_alive(const http_parser *parser);
-
-/* Returns a string version of the HTTP method. */
-const char *http_method_str(enum http_method m);
-
-/* Return a string name of the given error */
-const char *http_errno_name(enum http_errno err);
-
-/* Return a string description of the given error */
-const char *http_errno_description(enum http_errno err);
-
-/* Parse a URL; return nonzero on failure */
-int http_parser_parse_url(const char *buf, size_t buflen,
-                          int is_connect,
-                          struct http_parser_url *u);
-
-/* Pause or un-pause the parser; a nonzero value pauses */
-void http_parser_pause(http_parser *parser, int paused);
-
-/* Checks if this is the final chunk of the body. */
-int http_body_is_final(const http_parser *parser);
-
-/*#include "http_parser.h"*/
-/* Based on src/http/ngx_http_parse.c from NGINX copyright Igor Sysoev
- *
- * Additional changes are licensed under the same terms as NGINX and
- * copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
- *
- * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
- * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
- * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
- * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
- * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
- * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
- *
- * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
- * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
- * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
- * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
- * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
- * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
- * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
- * IN THE SOFTWARE.
- */
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-
-#ifndef CROW_ULLONG_MAX
-# define CROW_ULLONG_MAX ((uint64_t) -1) /* 2^64-1 */
-#endif
-
-#ifndef CROW_MIN
-# define CROW_MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
-#endif
-
-#ifndef CROW_ARRAY_SIZE
-# define CROW_ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof((a)[0]))
-#endif
-
-#ifndef CROW_BIT_AT
-# define CROW_BIT_AT(a, i)                                                \
-  (!!((unsigned int) (a)[(unsigned int) (i) >> 3] &                  \
-   (1 << ((unsigned int) (i) & 7))))
-#endif
-
-#ifndef CROW_ELEM_AT
-# define CROW_ELEM_AT(a, i, v) ((unsigned int) (i) < CROW_ARRAY_SIZE(a) ? (a)[(i)] : (v))
-#endif
-
-#define CROW_SET_ERRNO(e)                                                 \
-do {                                                                 \
-  parser->http_errno = (e);                                          \
-} while(0)
-
-
-/* Run the notify callback FOR, returning ER if it fails */
-#define CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, ER)                                    \
-do {                                                                 \
-  assert(CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK);                       \
-                                                                     \
-  if (settings->on_##FOR) {                                          \
-    if (0 != settings->on_##FOR(parser)) {                           \
-      CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_##FOR);                                       \
-    }                                                                \
-                                                                     \
-    /* We either errored above or got paused; get out */             \
-    if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {                       \
-      return (ER);                                                   \
-    }                                                                \
-  }                                                                  \
-} while (0)
-
-/* Run the notify callback FOR and consume the current byte */
-#define CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(FOR)            CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, p - data + 1)
-
-/* Run the notify callback FOR and don't consume the current byte */
-#define CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE(FOR)  CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, p - data)
-
-/* Run data callback FOR with LEN bytes, returning ER if it fails */
-#define CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, LEN, ER)                                 \
-do {                                                                 \
-  assert(CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK);                       \
-                                                                     \
-  if (FOR##_mark) {                                                  \
-    if (settings->on_##FOR) {                                        \
-      if (0 != settings->on_##FOR(parser, FOR##_mark, (LEN))) {      \
-        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_##FOR);                                     \
-      }                                                              \
-                                                                     \
-      /* We either errored above or got paused; get out */           \
-      if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {                     \
-        return (ER);                                                 \
-      }                                                              \
-    }                                                                \
-    FOR##_mark = NULL;                                               \
-  }                                                                  \
-} while (0)
-  
-/* Run the data callback FOR and consume the current byte */
-#define CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(FOR)                                           \
-    CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, p - FOR##_mark, p - data + 1)
-
-/* Run the data callback FOR and don't consume the current byte */
-#define CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(FOR)                                 \
-    CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, p - FOR##_mark, p - data)
-
-/* Set the mark FOR; non-destructive if mark is already set */
-#define CROW_MARK(FOR)                                                    \
-do {                                                                 \
-  if (!FOR##_mark) {                                                 \
-    FOR##_mark = p;                                                  \
-  }                                                                  \
-} while (0)
-
-
-#define CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION "proxy-connection"
-#define CROW_CONNECTION "connection"
-#define CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH "content-length"
-#define CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING "transfer-encoding"
-#define CROW_UPGRADE "upgrade"
-#define CROW_CHUNKED "chunked"
-#define CROW_KEEP_ALIVE "keep-alive"
-#define CROW_CLOSE "close"
-
-
-
-
-enum state
-  { s_dead = 1 /* important that this is > 0 */
-
-  , s_start_req_or_res
-  , s_res_or_resp_H
-  , s_start_res
-  , s_res_H
-  , s_res_HT
-  , s_res_HTT
-  , s_res_HTTP
-  , s_res_first_http_major
-  , s_res_http_major
-  , s_res_first_http_minor
-  , s_res_http_minor
-  , s_res_first_status_code
-  , s_res_status_code
-  , s_res_status_start
-  , s_res_status
-  , s_res_line_almost_done
-
-  , s_start_req
-
-  , s_req_method
-  , s_req_spaces_before_url
-  , s_req_schema
-  , s_req_schema_slash
-  , s_req_schema_slash_slash
-  , s_req_server_start
-  , s_req_server
-  , s_req_server_with_at
-  , s_req_path
-  , s_req_query_string_start
-  , s_req_query_string
-  , s_req_fragment_start
-  , s_req_fragment
-  , s_req_http_start
-  , s_req_http_H
-  , s_req_http_HT
-  , s_req_http_HTT
-  , s_req_http_HTTP
-  , s_req_first_http_major
-  , s_req_http_major
-  , s_req_first_http_minor
-  , s_req_http_minor
-  , s_req_line_almost_done
-
-  , s_header_field_start
-  , s_header_field
-  , s_header_value_discard_ws
-  , s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done
-  , s_header_value_discard_lws
-  , s_header_value_start
-  , s_header_value
-  , s_header_value_lws
-
-  , s_header_almost_done
-
-  , s_chunk_size_start
-  , s_chunk_size
-  , s_chunk_parameters
-  , s_chunk_size_almost_done
-
-  , s_headers_almost_done
-  , s_headers_done
-
-  /* Important: 's_headers_done' must be the last 'header' state. All
-   * states beyond this must be 'body' states. It is used for overflow
-   * checking. See the CROW_PARSING_HEADER() macro.
-   */
-
-  , s_chunk_data
-  , s_chunk_data_almost_done
-  , s_chunk_data_done
-
-  , s_body_identity
-  , s_body_identity_eof
-
-  , s_message_done
-  };
-
-
-#define CROW_PARSING_HEADER(state) (state <= s_headers_done)
-
-
-enum header_states
-  { h_general = 0
-  , h_C
-  , h_CO
-  , h_CON
-
-  , h_matching_connection
-  , h_matching_proxy_connection
-  , h_matching_content_length
-  , h_matching_transfer_encoding
-  , h_matching_upgrade
-
-  , h_connection
-  , h_content_length
-  , h_transfer_encoding
-  , h_upgrade
-
-  , h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked
-  , h_matching_connection_keep_alive
-  , h_matching_connection_close
-
-  , h_transfer_encoding_chunked
-  , h_connection_keep_alive
-  , h_connection_close
-  };
-
-enum http_host_state
-  {
-    s_http_host_dead = 1
-  , s_http_userinfo_start
-  , s_http_userinfo
-  , s_http_host_start
-  , s_http_host_v6_start
-  , s_http_host
-  , s_http_host_v6
-  , s_http_host_v6_end
-  , s_http_host_port_start
-  , s_http_host_port
-};
-
-/* Macros for character classes; depends on strict-mode  */
-#define CROW_CR                  '\r'
-#define CROW_LF                  '\n'
-#define CROW_LOWER(c)            (unsigned char)(c | 0x20)
-#define CROW_IS_ALPHA(c)         (CROW_LOWER(c) >= 'a' && CROW_LOWER(c) <= 'z')
-#define CROW_IS_NUM(c)           ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9')
-#define CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c)      (CROW_IS_ALPHA(c) || CROW_IS_NUM(c))
-#define CROW_IS_HEX(c)           (CROW_IS_NUM(c) || (CROW_LOWER(c) >= 'a' && CROW_LOWER(c) <= 'f'))
-#define CROW_IS_MARK(c)          ((c) == '-' || (c) == '_' || (c) == '.' || \
-  (c) == '!' || (c) == '~' || (c) == '*' || (c) == '\'' || (c) == '(' || \
-  (c) == ')')
-#define CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR(c) (CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c) || CROW_IS_MARK(c) || (c) == '%' || \
-  (c) == ';' || (c) == ':' || (c) == '&' || (c) == '=' || (c) == '+' || \
-  (c) == '$' || (c) == ',')
-
-#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
-#define CROW_TOKEN(c)            (tokens[(unsigned char)c])
-#define CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(c)      (CROW_BIT_AT(normal_url_char, (unsigned char)c))
-#define CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(c)     (CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c) || (c) == '.' || (c) == '-')
-#else
-#define CROW_TOKEN(c)            ((c == ' ') ? ' ' : tokens[(unsigned char)c])
-#define CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(c)                                                         \
-  (CROW_BIT_AT(normal_url_char, (unsigned char)c) || ((c) & 0x80))
-#define CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(c)                                                        \
-  (CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c) || (c) == '.' || (c) == '-' || (c) == '_')
-#endif
-
-
-#define CROW_start_state (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST ? s_start_req : s_start_res)
-
-
-#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
-# define CROW_STRICT_CHECK(cond)                                          \
-do {                                                                 \
-  if (cond) {                                                        \
-    CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_STRICT);                                           \
-    goto error;                                                      \
-  }                                                                  \
-} while (0)
-# define CROW_NEW_MESSAGE() (http_should_keep_alive(parser) ? CROW_start_state : s_dead)
-#else
-# define CROW_STRICT_CHECK(cond)
-# define CROW_NEW_MESSAGE() CROW_start_state
-#endif
-
-
-
-int http_message_needs_eof(const http_parser *parser);
-
-/* Our URL parser.
+ * SHA1 Wikipedia Page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1
+ * 
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-22 SAURAV MOHAPATRA <mohaps@gmail.com>
  *
- * This is designed to be shared by http_parser_execute() for URL validation,
- * hence it has a state transition + byte-for-byte interface. In addition, it
- * is meant to be embedded in http_parser_parse_url(), which does the dirty
- * work of turning state transitions URL components for its API.
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
  *
- * This function should only be invoked with non-space characters. It is
- * assumed that the caller cares about (and can detect) the transition between
- * URL and non-URL states by looking for these.
- */
-inline enum state
-parse_url_char(enum state s, const char ch)
-{
-#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
-# define CROW_T(v) 0
-#else
-# define CROW_T(v) v
-#endif
-
-
-static const uint8_t normal_url_char[32] = {
-/*   0 nul    1 soh    2 stx    3 etx    4 eot    5 enq    6 ack    7 bel  */
-        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
-/*   8 bs     9 ht    10 nl    11 vt    12 np    13 cr    14 so    15 si   */
-        0    | CROW_T(2)   |   0    |   0    | CROW_T(16)  |   0    |   0    |   0,
-/*  16 dle   17 dc1   18 dc2   19 dc3   20 dc4   21 nak   22 syn   23 etb */
-        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
-/*  24 can   25 em    26 sub   27 esc   28 fs    29 gs    30 rs    31 us  */
-        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
-/*  32 sp    33  !    34  "    35  #    36  $    37  %    38  &    39  '  */
-        0    |   2    |   4    |   0    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
-/*  40  (    41  )    42  *    43  +    44  ,    45  -    46  .    47  /  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
-/*  48  0    49  1    50  2    51  3    52  4    53  5    54  6    55  7  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
-/*  56  8    57  9    58  :    59  ;    60  <    61  =    62  >    63  ?  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |   0,
-/*  64  @    65  A    66  B    67  C    68  D    69  E    70  F    71  G  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
-/*  72  H    73  I    74  J    75  K    76  L    77  M    78  N    79  O  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
-/*  80  P    81  Q    82  R    83  S    84  CROW_T    85  U    86  V    87  W  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
-/*  88  X    89  Y    90  Z    91  [    92  \    93  ]    94  ^    95  _  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
-/*  96  `    97  a    98  b    99  c   100  d   101  e   102  f   103  g  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
-/* 104  h   105  i   106  j   107  k   108  l   109  m   110  n   111  o  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
-/* 112  p   113  q   114  r   115  s   116  t   117  u   118  v   119  w  */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
-/* 120  x   121  y   122  z   123  {   124  |   125  }   126  ~   127 del */
-        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |   0, };
-
-#undef CROW_T
-
-  if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\r' || ch == '\n') {
-    return s_dead;
-  }
-
-#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
-  if (ch == '\t' || ch == '\f') {
-    return s_dead;
-  }
-#endif
-
-  switch (s) {
-    case s_req_spaces_before_url:
-      /* Proxied requests are followed by scheme of an absolute URI (alpha).
-       * All methods except CONNECT are followed by '/' or '*'.
-       */
-
-      if (ch == '/' || ch == '*') {
-        return s_req_path;
-      }
-
-      if (CROW_IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
-        return s_req_schema;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_schema:
-      if (CROW_IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
-        return s;
-      }
-
-      if (ch == ':') {
-        return s_req_schema_slash;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_schema_slash:
-      if (ch == '/') {
-        return s_req_schema_slash_slash;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
-      if (ch == '/') {
-        return s_req_server_start;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_server_with_at:
-      if (ch == '@') {
-        return s_dead;
-      }
-
-    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case s_req_server_start:
-    case s_req_server:
-      if (ch == '/') {
-        return s_req_path;
-      }
-
-      if (ch == '?') {
-        return s_req_query_string_start;
-      }
-
-      if (ch == '@') {
-        return s_req_server_with_at;
-      }
-
-      if (CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR(ch) || ch == '[' || ch == ']') {
-        return s_req_server;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_path:
-      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s;
-      }
-
-      switch (ch) {
-        case '?':
-          return s_req_query_string_start;
-
-        case '#':
-          return s_req_fragment_start;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_query_string_start:
-    case s_req_query_string:
-      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s_req_query_string;
-      }
-
-      switch (ch) {
-        case '?':
-          /* allow extra '?' in query string */
-          return s_req_query_string;
-
-        case '#':
-          return s_req_fragment_start;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_fragment_start:
-      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s_req_fragment;
-      }
-
-      switch (ch) {
-        case '?':
-          return s_req_fragment;
-
-        case '#':
-          return s;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_req_fragment:
-      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s;
-      }
-
-      switch (ch) {
-        case '?':
-        case '#':
-          return s;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-
-  /* We should never fall out of the switch above unless there's an error */
-  return s_dead;
-}
-
-inline size_t http_parser_execute (http_parser *parser,
-                            const http_parser_settings *settings,
-                            const char *data,
-                            size_t len)
-{
-static const char *method_strings[] =
-  {
-#define CROW_XX(num, name, string) #string,
-  CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)
-#undef CROW_XX
-  };
-
-/* Tokens as defined by rfc 2616. Also lowercases them.
- *        token       = 1*<any CHAR except CTLs or separators>
- *     separators     = "(" | ")" | "<" | ">" | "@"
- *                    | "," | ";" | ":" | "\" | <">
- *                    | "/" | "[" | "]" | "?" | "="
- *                    | "{" | "}" | SP | HT
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+ * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
  */
-static const char tokens[256] = {
-/*   0 nul    1 soh    2 stx    3 etx    4 eot    5 enq    6 ack    7 bel  */
-        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
-/*   8 bs     9 ht    10 nl    11 vt    12 np    13 cr    14 so    15 si   */
-        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
-/*  16 dle   17 dc1   18 dc2   19 dc3   20 dc4   21 nak   22 syn   23 etb */
-        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
-/*  24 can   25 em    26 sub   27 esc   28 fs    29 gs    30 rs    31 us  */
-        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
-/*  32 sp    33  !    34  "    35  #    36  $    37  %    38  &    39  '  */
-        0,      '!',      0,      '#',     '$',     '%',     '&',    '\'',
-/*  40  (    41  )    42  *    43  +    44  ,    45  -    46  .    47  /  */
-        0,       0,      '*',     '+',      0,      '-',     '.',      0,
-/*  48  0    49  1    50  2    51  3    52  4    53  5    54  6    55  7  */
-       '0',     '1',     '2',     '3',     '4',     '5',     '6',     '7',
-/*  56  8    57  9    58  :    59  ;    60  <    61  =    62  >    63  ?  */
-       '8',     '9',      0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
-/*  64  @    65  A    66  B    67  C    68  D    69  E    70  F    71  G  */
-        0,      'a',     'b',     'c',     'd',     'e',     'f',     'g',
-/*  72  H    73  I    74  J    75  K    76  L    77  M    78  N    79  O  */
-       'h',     'i',     'j',     'k',     'l',     'm',     'n',     'o',
-/*  80  P    81  Q    82  R    83  S    84  T    85  U    86  V    87  W  */
-       'p',     'q',     'r',     's',     't',     'u',     'v',     'w',
-/*  88  X    89  Y    90  Z    91  [    92  \    93  ]    94  ^    95  _  */
-       'x',     'y',     'z',      0,       0,       0,      '^',     '_',
-/*  96  `    97  a    98  b    99  c   100  d   101  e   102  f   103  g  */
-       '`',     'a',     'b',     'c',     'd',     'e',     'f',     'g',
-/* 104  h   105  i   106  j   107  k   108  l   109  m   110  n   111  o  */
-       'h',     'i',     'j',     'k',     'l',     'm',     'n',     'o',
-/* 112  p   113  q   114  r   115  s   116  t   117  u   118  v   119  w  */
-       'p',     'q',     'r',     's',     't',     'u',     'v',     'w',
-/* 120  x   121  y   122  z   123  {   124  |   125  }   126  ~   127 del */
-       'x',     'y',     'z',      0,      '|',      0,      '~',       0 };
-
-
-static const int8_t unhex[256] =
-  {-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  , 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,10,11,12,13,14,15,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,10,11,12,13,14,15,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
-  };
-
-
-
-  char c, ch;
-  int8_t unhex_val;
-  const char *p = data;
-  const char *header_field_mark = 0;
-  const char *header_value_mark = 0;
-  const char *url_mark = 0;
-  const char *body_mark = 0;
-  const char *status_mark = 0;
-
-  /* We're in an error state. Don't bother doing anything. */
-  if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  if (len == 0) {
-    switch (parser->state) {
-      case s_body_identity_eof:
-        /* Use of CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY() here would erroneously return 1 byte read if
-         * we got paused.
-         */
-        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE(message_complete);
-        return 0;
-
-      case s_dead:
-      case s_start_req_or_res:
-      case s_start_res:
-      case s_start_req:
-        return 0;
-
-      default:
-        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_EOF_STATE);
-        return 1;
-    }
-  }
-
-
-  if (parser->state == s_header_field)
-    header_field_mark = data;
-  if (parser->state == s_header_value)
-    header_value_mark = data;
-  switch (parser->state) {
-  case s_req_path:
-  case s_req_schema:
-  case s_req_schema_slash:
-  case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
-  case s_req_server_start:
-  case s_req_server:
-  case s_req_server_with_at:
-  case s_req_query_string_start:
-  case s_req_query_string:
-  case s_req_fragment_start:
-  case s_req_fragment:
-    url_mark = data;
-    break;
-  case s_res_status:
-    status_mark = data;
-    break;
-  }
-
-  for (p=data; p != data + len; p++) {
-    ch = *p;
-
-    if (CROW_PARSING_HEADER(parser->state)) {
-      ++parser->nread;
-      /* Don't allow the total size of the HTTP headers (including the status
-       * line) to exceed CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE.  This check is here to protect
-       * embedders against denial-of-service attacks where the attacker feeds
-       * us a never-ending header that the embedder keeps buffering.
-       *
-       * This check is arguably the responsibility of embedders but we're doing
-       * it on the embedder's behalf because most won't bother and this way we
-       * make the web a little safer.  CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE is still far bigger
-       * than any reasonable request or response so this should never affect
-       * day-to-day operation.
-       */
-      if (parser->nread > (CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE)) {
-        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_HEADER_OVERFLOW);
-        goto error;
-      }
-    }
-
-    reexecute_byte:
-    switch (parser->state) {
-
-      case s_dead:
-        /* this state is used after a 'Connection: close' message
-         * the parser will error out if it reads another message
-         */
-        if (ch == CROW_CR || ch == CROW_LF)
-          break;
-
-        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CLOSED_CONNECTION);
-        goto error;
-
-      case s_start_req_or_res:
-      {
-        if (ch == CROW_CR || ch == CROW_LF)
-          break;
-        parser->flags = 0;
-        parser->content_length = CROW_ULLONG_MAX;
-
-        if (ch == 'H') {
-          parser->state = s_res_or_resp_H;
-
-          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_begin);
-        } else {
-          parser->type = HTTP_REQUEST;
-          parser->state = s_start_req;
-          goto reexecute_byte;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_res_or_resp_H:
-        if (ch == 'T') {
-          parser->type = HTTP_RESPONSE;
-          parser->state = s_res_HT;
-        } else {
-          if (ch != 'E') {
-            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONSTANT);
-            goto error;
-          }
-
-          parser->type = HTTP_REQUEST;
-          parser->method = HTTP_HEAD;
-          parser->index = 2;
-          parser->state = s_req_method;
-        }
-        break;
-
-      case s_start_res:
-      {
-        parser->flags = 0;
-        parser->content_length = CROW_ULLONG_MAX;
-
-        switch (ch) {
-          case 'H':
-            parser->state = s_res_H;
-            break;
-
-          case CROW_CR:
-          case CROW_LF:
-            break;
-
-          default:
-            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONSTANT);
-            goto error;
-        }
-
-        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_begin);
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_res_H:
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
-        parser->state = s_res_HT;
-        break;
-
-      case s_res_HT:
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
-        parser->state = s_res_HTT;
-        break;
-
-      case s_res_HTT:
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'P');
-        parser->state = s_res_HTTP;
-        break;
-
-      case s_res_HTTP:
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != '/');
-        parser->state = s_res_first_http_major;
-        break;
-
-      case s_res_first_http_major:
-        if (ch < '0' || ch > '9') {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->http_major = ch - '0';
-        parser->state = s_res_http_major;
-        break;
-
-      /* major HTTP version or dot */
-      case s_res_http_major:
-      {
-        if (ch == '.') {
-          parser->state = s_res_first_http_minor;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->http_major *= 10;
-        parser->http_major += ch - '0';
-
-        if (parser->http_major > 999) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      /* first digit of minor HTTP version */
-      case s_res_first_http_minor:
-        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->http_minor = ch - '0';
-        parser->state = s_res_http_minor;
-        break;
-
-      /* minor HTTP version or end of request line */
-      case s_res_http_minor:
-      {
-        if (ch == ' ') {
-          parser->state = s_res_first_status_code;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->http_minor *= 10;
-        parser->http_minor += ch - '0';
-
-        if (parser->http_minor > 999) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_res_first_status_code:
-      {
-        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-          if (ch == ' ') {
-            break;
-          }
-
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_STATUS);
-          goto error;
-        }
-        parser->status_code = ch - '0';
-        parser->state = s_res_status_code;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_res_status_code:
-      {
-        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-          switch (ch) {
-            case ' ':
-              parser->state = s_res_status_start;
-              break;
-            case CROW_CR:
-              parser->state = s_res_line_almost_done;
-              break;
-            case CROW_LF:
-              parser->state = s_header_field_start;
-              break;
-            default:
-              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_STATUS);
-              goto error;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-
-        parser->status_code *= 10;
-        parser->status_code += ch - '0';
-
-        if (parser->status_code > 999) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_STATUS);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_res_status_start:
-      {
-        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
-          parser->state = s_res_line_almost_done;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
-          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        CROW_MARK(status);
-        parser->state = s_res_status;
-        parser->index = 0;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_res_status:
-        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
-          parser->state = s_res_line_almost_done;
-          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(status);
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
-          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
-          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(status);
-          break;
-        }
-
-        break;
-
-      case s_res_line_almost_done:
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
-        parser->state = s_header_field_start;
-        break;
-
-      case s_start_req:
-      {
-        if (ch == CROW_CR || ch == CROW_LF)
-          break;
-        parser->flags = 0;
-        parser->content_length = CROW_ULLONG_MAX;
-
-        if (!CROW_IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->method = (enum http_method) 0;
-        parser->index = 1;
-        switch (ch) {
-          case 'C': parser->method = HTTP_CONNECT; /* or COPY, CHECKOUT */ break;
-          case 'D': parser->method = HTTP_DELETE; break;
-          case 'G': parser->method = HTTP_GET; break;
-          case 'H': parser->method = HTTP_HEAD; break;
-          case 'L': parser->method = HTTP_LOCK; break;
-          case 'M': parser->method = HTTP_MKCOL; /* or MOVE, MKACTIVITY, MERGE, M-SEARCH, MKCALENDAR */ break;
-          case 'N': parser->method = HTTP_NOTIFY; break;
-          case 'O': parser->method = HTTP_OPTIONS; break;
-          case 'P': parser->method = HTTP_POST;
-            /* or PROPFIND|PROPPATCH|PUT|PATCH|PURGE */
-            break;
-          case 'R': parser->method = HTTP_REPORT; break;
-          case 'S': parser->method = HTTP_SUBSCRIBE; /* or SEARCH */ break;
-          case 'T': parser->method = HTTP_TRACE; break;
-          case 'U': parser->method = HTTP_UNLOCK; /* or UNSUBSCRIBE */ break;
-          default:
-            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-            goto error;
-        }
-        parser->state = s_req_method;
-
-        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_begin);
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_req_method:
-      {
-        const char *matcher;
-        if (ch == '\0') {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        matcher = method_strings[parser->method];
-        if (ch == ' ' && matcher[parser->index] == '\0') {
-          parser->state = s_req_spaces_before_url;
-        } else if (ch == matcher[parser->index]) {
-          ; /* nada */
-        } else if (parser->method == HTTP_CONNECT) {
-          if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'H') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_CHECKOUT;
-          } else if (parser->index == 2  && ch == 'P') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_COPY;
-          } else {
-            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-            goto error;
-          }
-        } else if (parser->method == HTTP_MKCOL) {
-          if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'O') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_MOVE;
-          } else if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'E') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_MERGE;
-          } else if (parser->index == 1 && ch == '-') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_MSEARCH;
-          } else if (parser->index == 2 && ch == 'A') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_MKACTIVITY;
-          } else if (parser->index == 3 && ch == 'A') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_MKCALENDAR;
-          } else {
-            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-            goto error;
-          }
-        } else if (parser->method == HTTP_SUBSCRIBE) {
-          if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'E') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_SEARCH;
-          } else {
-            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-            goto error;
-          }
-        } else if (parser->index == 1 && parser->method == HTTP_POST) {
-          if (ch == 'R') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_PROPFIND; /* or HTTP_PROPPATCH */
-          } else if (ch == 'U') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_PUT; /* or HTTP_PURGE */
-          } else if (ch == 'A') {
-            parser->method = HTTP_PATCH;
-          } else {
-            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-            goto error;
-          }
-        } else if (parser->index == 2) {
-          if (parser->method == HTTP_PUT) {
-            if (ch == 'R') {
-              parser->method = HTTP_PURGE;
-            } else {
-              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-              goto error;
-            }
-          } else if (parser->method == HTTP_UNLOCK) {
-            if (ch == 'S') {
-              parser->method = HTTP_UNSUBSCRIBE;
-            } else {
-              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-              goto error;
-            }
-          } else {
-            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-            goto error;
-          }
-        } else if (parser->index == 4 && parser->method == HTTP_PROPFIND && ch == 'P') {
-          parser->method = HTTP_PROPPATCH;
-        } else {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        ++parser->index;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_req_spaces_before_url:
-      {
-        if (ch == ' ') break;
-
-        CROW_MARK(url);
-        if (parser->method == HTTP_CONNECT) {
-          parser->state = s_req_server_start;
-        }
-
-        parser->state = parse_url_char((enum state)parser->state, ch);
-        if (parser->state == s_dead) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_req_schema:
-      case s_req_schema_slash:
-      case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
-      case s_req_server_start:
-      {
-        switch (ch) {
-          /* No whitespace allowed here */
-          case ' ':
-          case CROW_CR:
-          case CROW_LF:
-            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
-            goto error;
-          default:
-            parser->state = parse_url_char((enum state)parser->state, ch);
-            if (parser->state == s_dead) {
-              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
-              goto error;
-            }
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_req_server:
-      case s_req_server_with_at:
-      case s_req_path:
-      case s_req_query_string_start:
-      case s_req_query_string:
-      case s_req_fragment_start:
-      case s_req_fragment:
-      {
-        switch (ch) {
-          case ' ':
-            parser->state = s_req_http_start;
-            CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(url);
-            break;
-          case CROW_CR:
-          case CROW_LF:
-            parser->http_major = 0;
-            parser->http_minor = 9;
-            parser->state = (ch == CROW_CR) ?
-              s_req_line_almost_done :
-              s_header_field_start;
-            CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(url);
-            break;
-          default:
-            parser->state = parse_url_char((enum state)parser->state, ch);
-            if (parser->state == s_dead) {
-              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
-              goto error;
-            }
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_req_http_start:
-        switch (ch) {
-          case 'H':
-            parser->state = s_req_http_H;
-            break;
-          case ' ':
-            break;
-          default:
-            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONSTANT);
-            goto error;
-        }
-        break;
-
-      case s_req_http_H:
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
-        parser->state = s_req_http_HT;
-        break;
-
-      case s_req_http_HT:
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
-        parser->state = s_req_http_HTT;
-        break;
-
-      case s_req_http_HTT:
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'P');
-        parser->state = s_req_http_HTTP;
-        break;
-
-      case s_req_http_HTTP:
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != '/');
-        parser->state = s_req_first_http_major;
-        break;
-
-      /* first digit of major HTTP version */
-      case s_req_first_http_major:
-        if (ch < '1' || ch > '9') {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->http_major = ch - '0';
-        parser->state = s_req_http_major;
-        break;
-
-      /* major HTTP version or dot */
-      case s_req_http_major:
-      {
-        if (ch == '.') {
-          parser->state = s_req_first_http_minor;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->http_major *= 10;
-        parser->http_major += ch - '0';
-
-        if (parser->http_major > 999) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      /* first digit of minor HTTP version */
-      case s_req_first_http_minor:
-        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->http_minor = ch - '0';
-        parser->state = s_req_http_minor;
-        break;
-
-      /* minor HTTP version or end of request line */
-      case s_req_http_minor:
-      {
-        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
-          parser->state = s_req_line_almost_done;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
-          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        /* XXX allow spaces after digit? */
-
-        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->http_minor *= 10;
-        parser->http_minor += ch - '0';
-
-        if (parser->http_minor > 999) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      /* end of request line */
-      case s_req_line_almost_done:
-      {
-        if (ch != CROW_LF) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_LF_EXPECTED);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->state = s_header_field_start;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_header_field_start:
-      {
-        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
-          parser->state = s_headers_almost_done;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
-          /* they might be just sending \n instead of \r\n so this would be
-           * the second \n to denote the end of headers*/
-          parser->state = s_headers_almost_done;
-          goto reexecute_byte;
-        }
-
-        c = CROW_TOKEN(ch);
-
-        if (!c) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        CROW_MARK(header_field);
-
-        parser->index = 0;
-        parser->state = s_header_field;
-
-        switch (c) {
-          case 'c':
-            parser->header_state = h_C;
-            break;
-
-          case 'p':
-            parser->header_state = h_matching_proxy_connection;
-            break;
-
-          case 't':
-            parser->header_state = h_matching_transfer_encoding;
-            break;
-
-          case 'u':
-            parser->header_state = h_matching_upgrade;
-            break;
-
-          default:
-            parser->header_state = h_general;
-            break;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_header_field:
-      {
-        c = CROW_TOKEN(ch);
-
-        if (c) {
-          switch (parser->header_state) {
-            case h_general:
-              break;
-
-            case h_C:
-              parser->index++;
-              parser->header_state = (c == 'o' ? h_CO : h_general);
-              break;
-
-            case h_CO:
-              parser->index++;
-              parser->header_state = (c == 'n' ? h_CON : h_general);
-              break;
-
-            case h_CON:
-              parser->index++;
-              switch (c) {
-                case 'n':
-                  parser->header_state = h_matching_connection;
-                  break;
-                case 't':
-                  parser->header_state = h_matching_content_length;
-                  break;
-                default:
-                  parser->header_state = h_general;
-                  break;
-              }
-              break;
-
-            /* connection */
-
-            case h_matching_connection:
-              parser->index++;
-              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CONNECTION)-1
-                  || c != CROW_CONNECTION[parser->index]) {
-                parser->header_state = h_general;
-              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CONNECTION)-2) {
-                parser->header_state = h_connection;
-              }
-              break;
-
-            /* proxy-connection */
-
-            case h_matching_proxy_connection:
-              parser->index++;
-              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION)-1
-                  || c != CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION[parser->index]) {
-                parser->header_state = h_general;
-              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION)-2) {
-                parser->header_state = h_connection;
-              }
-              break;
-
-            /* content-length */
-
-            case h_matching_content_length:
-              parser->index++;
-              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH)-1
-                  || c != CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH[parser->index]) {
-                parser->header_state = h_general;
-              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH)-2) {
-                parser->header_state = h_content_length;
-              }
-              break;
-
-            /* transfer-encoding */
-
-            case h_matching_transfer_encoding:
-              parser->index++;
-              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING)-1
-                  || c != CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING[parser->index]) {
-                parser->header_state = h_general;
-              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING)-2) {
-                parser->header_state = h_transfer_encoding;
-              }
-              break;
-
-            /* upgrade */
-
-            case h_matching_upgrade:
-              parser->index++;
-              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_UPGRADE)-1
-                  || c != CROW_UPGRADE[parser->index]) {
-                parser->header_state = h_general;
-              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_UPGRADE)-2) {
-                parser->header_state = h_upgrade;
-              }
-              break;
-
-            case h_connection:
-            case h_content_length:
-            case h_transfer_encoding:
-            case h_upgrade:
-              if (ch != ' ') parser->header_state = h_general;
-              break;
-
-            default:
-              assert(0 && "Unknown header_state");
-              break;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (ch == ':') {
-          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_ws;
-          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_field);
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
-          parser->state = s_header_almost_done;
-          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_field);
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
-          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
-          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_field);
-          break;
-        }
-
-        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN);
-        goto error;
-      }
-
-      case s_header_value_discard_ws:
-        if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t') break;
-
-        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
-          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
-          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_lws;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        /* FALLTHROUGH */
-
-      case s_header_value_start:
-      {
-        CROW_MARK(header_value);
-
-        parser->state = s_header_value;
-        parser->index = 0;
-
-        c = CROW_LOWER(ch);
-
-        switch (parser->header_state) {
-          case h_upgrade:
-            parser->flags |= F_UPGRADE;
-            parser->header_state = h_general;
-            break;
-
-          case h_transfer_encoding:
-            /* looking for 'Transfer-Encoding: chunked' */
-            if ('c' == c) {
-              parser->header_state = h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked;
-            } else {
-              parser->header_state = h_general;
-            }
-            break;
-
-          case h_content_length:
-            if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
-              goto error;
-            }
-
-            parser->content_length = ch - '0';
-            break;
-
-          case h_connection:
-            /* looking for 'Connection: keep-alive' */
-            if (c == 'k') {
-              parser->header_state = h_matching_connection_keep_alive;
-            /* looking for 'Connection: close' */
-            } else if (c == 'c') {
-              parser->header_state = h_matching_connection_close;
-            } else {
-              parser->header_state = h_general;
-            }
-            break;
-
-          default:
-            parser->header_state = h_general;
-            break;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_header_value:
-      {
-
-        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
-          parser->state = s_header_almost_done;
-          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_value);
-          break;
-        }
-
-        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
-          parser->state = s_header_almost_done;
-          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_value);
-          goto reexecute_byte;
-        }
-
-        c = CROW_LOWER(ch);
-
-        switch (parser->header_state) {
-          case h_general:
-            break;
-
-          case h_connection:
-          case h_transfer_encoding:
-            assert(0 && "Shouldn't get here.");
-            break;
-
-          case h_content_length:
-          {
-            uint64_t t;
-
-            if (ch == ' ') break;
-
-            if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
-              goto error;
-            }
-
-            t = parser->content_length;
-            t *= 10;
-            t += ch - '0';
-
-            /* Overflow? Test against a conservative limit for simplicity. */
-            if ((CROW_ULLONG_MAX - 10) / 10 < parser->content_length) {
-              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
-              goto error;
-            }
-
-            parser->content_length = t;
-            break;
-          }
-
-          /* Transfer-Encoding: chunked */
-          case h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked:
-            parser->index++;
-            if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CHUNKED)-1
-                || c != CROW_CHUNKED[parser->index]) {
-              parser->header_state = h_general;
-            } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CHUNKED)-2) {
-              parser->header_state = h_transfer_encoding_chunked;
-            }
-            break;
-
-          /* looking for 'Connection: keep-alive' */
-          case h_matching_connection_keep_alive:
-            parser->index++;
-            if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_KEEP_ALIVE)-1
-                || c != CROW_KEEP_ALIVE[parser->index]) {
-              parser->header_state = h_general;
-            } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_KEEP_ALIVE)-2) {
-              parser->header_state = h_connection_keep_alive;
-            }
-            break;
-
-          /* looking for 'Connection: close' */
-          case h_matching_connection_close:
-            parser->index++;
-            if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CLOSE)-1 || c != CROW_CLOSE[parser->index]) {
-              parser->header_state = h_general;
-            } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CLOSE)-2) {
-              parser->header_state = h_connection_close;
-            }
-            break;
-
-          case h_transfer_encoding_chunked:
-          case h_connection_keep_alive:
-          case h_connection_close:
-            if (ch != ' ') parser->header_state = h_general;
-            break;
-
-          default:
-            parser->state = s_header_value;
-            parser->header_state = h_general;
-            break;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_header_almost_done:
-      {
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
-
-        parser->state = s_header_value_lws;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_header_value_lws:
-      {
-        if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t') {
-          parser->state = s_header_value_start;
-          goto reexecute_byte;
-        }
-
-        /* finished the header */
-        switch (parser->header_state) {
-          case h_connection_keep_alive:
-            parser->flags |= F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE;
-            break;
-          case h_connection_close:
-            parser->flags |= F_CONNECTION_CLOSE;
-            break;
-          case h_transfer_encoding_chunked:
-            parser->flags |= F_CHUNKED;
-            break;
-          default:
-            break;
-        }
-
-        parser->state = s_header_field_start;
-        goto reexecute_byte;
-      }
-
-      case s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done:
-      {
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
-        parser->state = s_header_value_discard_lws;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_header_value_discard_lws:
-      {
-        if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t') {
-          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_ws;
-          break;
-        } else {
-          /* header value was empty */
-          CROW_MARK(header_value);
-          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
-          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_value);
-          goto reexecute_byte;
-        }
-      }
-
-      case s_headers_almost_done:
-      {
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
-
-        if (parser->flags & F_TRAILING) {
-          /* End of a chunked request */
-          parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
-          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
-          break;
-        }
-
-        parser->state = s_headers_done;
-
-        /* Set this here so that on_headers_complete() callbacks can see it */
-        parser->upgrade =
-          (parser->flags & F_UPGRADE || parser->method == HTTP_CONNECT);
-
-        /* Here we call the headers_complete callback. This is somewhat
-         * different than other callbacks because if the user returns 1, we
-         * will interpret that as saying that this message has no body. This
-         * is needed for the annoying case of recieving a response to a HEAD
-         * request.
-         *
-         * We'd like to use CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE() here but we cannot, so
-         * we have to simulate it by handling a change in errno below.
-         */
-        if (settings->on_headers_complete) {
-          switch (settings->on_headers_complete(parser)) {
-            case 0:
-              break;
-
-            case 1:
-              parser->flags |= F_SKIPBODY;
-              break;
-
-            default:
-              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_headers_complete);
-              return p - data; /* Error */
-          }
-        }
-
-        if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {
-          return p - data;
-        }
-
-        goto reexecute_byte;
-      }
-
-      case s_headers_done:
-      {
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
-
-        parser->nread = 0;
-
-        /* Exit, the rest of the connect is in a different protocol. */
-        if (parser->upgrade) {
-          parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
-          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
-          return (p - data) + 1;
-        }
-
-        if (parser->flags & F_SKIPBODY) {
-          parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
-          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
-        } else if (parser->flags & F_CHUNKED) {
-          /* chunked encoding - ignore Content-Length header */
-          parser->state = s_chunk_size_start;
-        } else {
-          if (parser->content_length == 0) {
-            /* Content-Length header given but zero: Content-Length: 0\r\n */
-            parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
-            CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
-          } else if (parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX) {
-            /* Content-Length header given and non-zero */
-            parser->state = s_body_identity;
-          } else {
-            if (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST ||
-                !http_message_needs_eof(parser)) {
-              /* Assume content-length 0 - read the next */
-              parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
-              CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
-            } else {
-              /* Read body until EOF */
-              parser->state = s_body_identity_eof;
-            }
-          }
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_body_identity:
-      {
-        uint64_t to_read = CROW_MIN(parser->content_length,
-                               (uint64_t) ((data + len) - p));
-
-        assert(parser->content_length != 0
-            && parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX);
-
-        /* The difference between advancing content_length and p is because
-         * the latter will automaticaly advance on the next loop iteration.
-         * Further, if content_length ends up at 0, we want to see the last
-         * byte again for our message complete callback.
-         */
-        CROW_MARK(body);
-        parser->content_length -= to_read;
-        p += to_read - 1;
-
-        if (parser->content_length == 0) {
-          parser->state = s_message_done;
-
-          /* Mimic CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE() but with one extra byte.
-           *
-           * The alternative to doing this is to wait for the next byte to
-           * trigger the data callback, just as in every other case. The
-           * problem with this is that this makes it difficult for the test
-           * harness to distinguish between complete-on-EOF and
-           * complete-on-length. It's not clear that this distinction is
-           * important for applications, but let's keep it for now.
-           */
-          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(body, p - body_mark + 1, p - data);
-          goto reexecute_byte;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      /* read until EOF */
-      case s_body_identity_eof:
-        CROW_MARK(body);
-        p = data + len - 1;
-
-        break;
-
-      case s_message_done:
-        parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
-        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
-        break;
-
-      case s_chunk_size_start:
-      {
-        assert(parser->nread == 1);
-        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
-
-        unhex_val = unhex[(unsigned char)ch];
-        if (unhex_val == -1) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->content_length = unhex_val;
-        parser->state = s_chunk_size;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_chunk_size:
-      {
-        uint64_t t;
-
-        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
-
-        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
-          parser->state = s_chunk_size_almost_done;
-          break;
-        }
-
-        unhex_val = unhex[(unsigned char)ch];
-
-        if (unhex_val == -1) {
-          if (ch == ';' || ch == ' ') {
-            parser->state = s_chunk_parameters;
-            break;
-          }
-
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        t = parser->content_length;
-        t *= 16;
-        t += unhex_val;
-
-        /* Overflow? Test against a conservative limit for simplicity. */
-        if ((CROW_ULLONG_MAX - 16) / 16 < parser->content_length) {
-          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
-          goto error;
-        }
-
-        parser->content_length = t;
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_chunk_parameters:
-      {
-        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
-        /* just ignore this shit. TODO check for overflow */
-        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
-          parser->state = s_chunk_size_almost_done;
-          break;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_chunk_size_almost_done:
-      {
-        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
-
-        parser->nread = 0;
-
-        if (parser->content_length == 0) {
-          parser->flags |= F_TRAILING;
-          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
-        } else {
-          parser->state = s_chunk_data;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_chunk_data:
-      {
-        uint64_t to_read = CROW_MIN(parser->content_length,
-                               (uint64_t) ((data + len) - p));
-
-        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
-        assert(parser->content_length != 0
-            && parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX);
-
-        /* See the explanation in s_body_identity for why the content
-         * length and data pointers are managed this way.
-         */
-        CROW_MARK(body);
-        parser->content_length -= to_read;
-        p += to_read - 1;
-
-        if (parser->content_length == 0) {
-          parser->state = s_chunk_data_almost_done;
-        }
-
-        break;
-      }
-
-      case s_chunk_data_almost_done:
-        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
-        assert(parser->content_length == 0);
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_CR);
-        parser->state = s_chunk_data_done;
-        CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(body);
-        break;
-
-      case s_chunk_data_done:
-        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
-        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
-        parser->nread = 0;
-        parser->state = s_chunk_size_start;
-        break;
-
-      default:
-        assert(0 && "unhandled state");
-        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_INTERNAL_STATE);
-        goto error;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* Run callbacks for any marks that we have leftover after we ran our of
-   * bytes. There should be at most one of these set, so it's OK to invoke
-   * them in series (unset marks will not result in callbacks).
-   *
-   * We use the NOADVANCE() variety of callbacks here because 'p' has already
-   * overflowed 'data' and this allows us to correct for the off-by-one that
-   * we'd otherwise have (since CROW_CALLBACK_DATA() is meant to be run with a 'p'
-   * value that's in-bounds).
-   */
-
-  assert(((header_field_mark ? 1 : 0) +
-          (header_value_mark ? 1 : 0) +
-          (url_mark ? 1 : 0)  +
-          (body_mark ? 1 : 0) +
-          (status_mark ? 1 : 0)) <= 1);
-
-  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_field);
-  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_value);
-  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(url);
-  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(body);
-  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(status);
-
-  return len;
-
-error:
-  if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK) {
-    CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_UNKNOWN);
-  }
-
-  return (p - data);
-}
-
-
-/* Does the parser need to see an EOF to find the end of the message? */
-inline int
-http_message_needs_eof (const http_parser *parser)
-{
-  if (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  /* See RFC 2616 section 4.4 */
-  if (parser->status_code / 100 == 1 || /* 1xx e.g. Continue */
-      parser->status_code == 204 ||     /* No Content */
-      parser->status_code == 304 ||     /* Not Modified */
-      parser->flags & F_SKIPBODY) {     /* response to a HEAD request */
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  if ((parser->flags & F_CHUNKED) || parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX) {
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  return 1;
-}
-
-
-inline int
-http_should_keep_alive (const http_parser *parser)
-{
-  if (parser->http_major > 0 && parser->http_minor > 0) {
-    /* HTTP/1.1 */
-    if (parser->flags & F_CONNECTION_CLOSE) {
-      return 0;
-    }
-  } else {
-    /* HTTP/1.0 or earlier */
-    if (!(parser->flags & F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE)) {
-      return 0;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return !http_message_needs_eof(parser);
-}
-
-
-inline const char *
-http_method_str (enum http_method m)
-{
-static const char *method_strings[] =
-  {
-#define CROW_XX(num, name, string) #string,
-  CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)
-#undef CROW_XX
-  };
-  return CROW_ELEM_AT(method_strings, m, "<unknown>");
-}
-
-
-inline void
-http_parser_init (http_parser *parser, enum http_parser_type t)
-{
-  void *data = parser->data; /* preserve application data */
-  memset(parser, 0, sizeof(*parser));
-  parser->data = data;
-  parser->type = t;
-  parser->state = (t == HTTP_REQUEST ? s_start_req : (t == HTTP_RESPONSE ? s_start_res : s_start_req_or_res));
-  parser->http_errno = HPE_OK;
-}
-
-inline const char *
-http_errno_name(enum http_errno err) {
-/* Map errno values to strings for human-readable output */
-#define CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN(n, s) { "HPE_" #n, s },
-static struct {
-  const char *name;
-  const char *description;
-} http_strerror_tab[] = {
-  CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN)
-};
-#undef CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN
-  assert(err < (sizeof(http_strerror_tab)/sizeof(http_strerror_tab[0])));
-  return http_strerror_tab[err].name;
-}
-
-inline const char *
-http_errno_description(enum http_errno err) {
-/* Map errno values to strings for human-readable output */
-#define CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN(n, s) { "HPE_" #n, s },
-static struct {
-  const char *name;
-  const char *description;
-} http_strerror_tab[] = {
-  CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN)
-};
-#undef CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN
-  assert(err < (sizeof(http_strerror_tab)/sizeof(http_strerror_tab[0])));
-  return http_strerror_tab[err].description;
-}
-
-inline static enum http_host_state
-http_parse_host_char(enum http_host_state s, const char ch) {
-  switch(s) {
-    case s_http_userinfo:
-    case s_http_userinfo_start:
-      if (ch == '@') {
-        return s_http_host_start;
-      }
-
-      if (CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s_http_userinfo;
-      }
-      break;
-
-    case s_http_host_start:
-      if (ch == '[') {
-        return s_http_host_v6_start;
-      }
-
-      if (CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s_http_host;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_http_host:
-      if (CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(ch)) {
-        return s_http_host;
-      }
-
-    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case s_http_host_v6_end:
-      if (ch == ':') {
-        return s_http_host_port_start;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_http_host_v6:
-      if (ch == ']') {
-        return s_http_host_v6_end;
-      }
-
-    /* FALLTHROUGH */
-    case s_http_host_v6_start:
-      if (CROW_IS_HEX(ch) || ch == ':' || ch == '.') {
-        return s_http_host_v6;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    case s_http_host_port:
-    case s_http_host_port_start:
-      if (CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
-        return s_http_host_port;
-      }
-
-      break;
-
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-  return s_http_host_dead;
-}
-
-inline int
-http_parse_host(const char * buf, struct http_parser_url *u, int found_at) {
-  enum http_host_state s;
-
-  const char *p;
-  size_t buflen = u->field_data[UF_HOST].off + u->field_data[UF_HOST].len;
-
-  u->field_data[UF_HOST].len = 0;
-
-  s = found_at ? s_http_userinfo_start : s_http_host_start;
-
-  for (p = buf + u->field_data[UF_HOST].off; p < buf + buflen; p++) {
-    enum http_host_state new_s = http_parse_host_char(s, *p);
-
-    if (new_s == s_http_host_dead) {
-      return 1;
-    }
-
-    switch(new_s) {
-      case s_http_host:
-        if (s != s_http_host) {
-          u->field_data[UF_HOST].off = p - buf;
-        }
-        u->field_data[UF_HOST].len++;
-        break;
-
-      case s_http_host_v6:
-        if (s != s_http_host_v6) {
-          u->field_data[UF_HOST].off = p - buf;
-        }
-        u->field_data[UF_HOST].len++;
-        break;
-
-      case s_http_host_port:
-        if (s != s_http_host_port) {
-          u->field_data[UF_PORT].off = p - buf;
-          u->field_data[UF_PORT].len = 0;
-          u->field_set |= (1 << UF_PORT);
-        }
-        u->field_data[UF_PORT].len++;
-        break;
-
-      case s_http_userinfo:
-        if (s != s_http_userinfo) {
-          u->field_data[UF_USERINFO].off = p - buf ;
-          u->field_data[UF_USERINFO].len = 0;
-          u->field_set |= (1 << UF_USERINFO);
-        }
-        u->field_data[UF_USERINFO].len++;
-        break;
-
-      default:
-        break;
-    }
-    s = new_s;
-  }
-
-  /* Make sure we don't end somewhere unexpected */
-  switch (s) {
-    case s_http_host_start:
-    case s_http_host_v6_start:
-    case s_http_host_v6:
-    case s_http_host_port_start:
-    case s_http_userinfo:
-    case s_http_userinfo_start:
-      return 1;
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-inline int
-http_parser_parse_url(const char *buf, size_t buflen, int is_connect,
-                      struct http_parser_url *u)
+#ifndef _TINY_SHA1_HPP_
+#define _TINY_SHA1_HPP_
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <stdint.h>
+namespace sha1
 {
-  enum state s;
-  const char *p;
-  enum http_parser_url_fields uf, old_uf;
-  int found_at = 0;
-
-  u->port = u->field_set = 0;
-  s = is_connect ? s_req_server_start : s_req_spaces_before_url;
-  old_uf = UF_MAX;
-
-  for (p = buf; p < buf + buflen; p++) {
-    s = parse_url_char(s, *p);
-
-    /* Figure out the next field that we're operating on */
-    switch (s) {
-      case s_dead:
-        return 1;
-
-      /* Skip delimeters */
-      case s_req_schema_slash:
-      case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
-      case s_req_server_start:
-      case s_req_query_string_start:
-      case s_req_fragment_start:
-        continue;
-
-      case s_req_schema:
-        uf = UF_SCHEMA;
-        break;
-
-      case s_req_server_with_at:
-        found_at = 1;
-
-      /* FALLTROUGH */
-      case s_req_server:
-        uf = UF_HOST;
-        break;
-
-      case s_req_path:
-        uf = UF_PATH;
-        break;
-
-      case s_req_query_string:
-        uf = UF_QUERY;
-        break;
-
-      case s_req_fragment:
-        uf = UF_FRAGMENT;
-        break;
-
-      default:
-        assert(!"Unexpected state");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    /* Nothing's changed; soldier on */
-    if (uf == old_uf) {
-      u->field_data[uf].len++;
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    u->field_data[uf].off = p - buf;
-    u->field_data[uf].len = 1;
-
-    u->field_set |= (1 << uf);
-    old_uf = uf;
-  }
-
-  /* host must be present if there is a schema */
-  /* parsing http:///toto will fail */
-  if ((u->field_set & ((1 << UF_SCHEMA) | (1 << UF_HOST))) != 0) {
-    if (http_parse_host(buf, u, found_at) != 0) {
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* CONNECT requests can only contain "hostname:port" */
-  if (is_connect && u->field_set != ((1 << UF_HOST)|(1 << UF_PORT))) {
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  if (u->field_set & (1 << UF_PORT)) {
-    /* Don't bother with endp; we've already validated the string */
-    unsigned long v = strtoul(buf + u->field_data[UF_PORT].off, NULL, 10);
-
-    /* Ports have a max value of 2^16 */
-    if (v > 0xffff) {
-      return 1;
-    }
-
-    u->port = (uint16_t) v;
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-inline void
-http_parser_pause(http_parser *parser, int paused) {
-  /* Users should only be pausing/unpausing a parser that is not in an error
-   * state. In non-debug builds, there's not much that we can do about this
-   * other than ignore it.
-   */
-  if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK ||
-      CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_PAUSED) {
-    CROW_SET_ERRNO((paused) ? HPE_PAUSED : HPE_OK);
-  } else {
-    assert(0 && "Attempting to pause parser in error state");
-  }
-}
-
-inline int
-http_body_is_final(const struct http_parser *parser) {
-    return parser->state == s_message_done;
-}
-
-inline unsigned long
-http_parser_version(void) {
-  return CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MAJOR * 0x10000 |
-         CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MINOR * 0x00100 |
-         CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_PATCH * 0x00001;
-}
-
-#undef CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP
-#undef CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP
-#undef CROW_SET_ERRNO
-#undef CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_
-#undef CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY
-#undef CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE
-#undef CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_
-#undef CROW_CALLBACK_DATA
-#undef CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE
-#undef CROW_MARK
-#undef CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION
-#undef CROW_CONNECTION
-#undef CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH
-#undef CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING
-#undef CROW_UPGRADE
-#undef CROW_CHUNKED
-#undef CROW_KEEP_ALIVE
-#undef CROW_CLOSE
-#undef CROW_PARSING_HEADER
-#undef CROW_CR
-#undef CROW_LF
-#undef CROW_LOWER
-#undef CROW_IS_ALPHA
-#undef CROW_IS_NUM
-#undef CROW_IS_ALPHANUM
-#undef CROW_IS_HEX
-#undef CROW_IS_MARK
-#undef CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR
-#undef CROW_TOKEN
-#undef CROW_IS_URL_CHAR
-#undef CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR
-#undef CROW_start_state
-#undef CROW_STRICT_CHECK
-#undef CROW_NEW_MESSAGE
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
+	class SHA1
+	{
+	public:
+		typedef uint32_t digest32_t[5];
+		typedef uint8_t digest8_t[20];
+		inline static uint32_t LeftRotate(uint32_t value, size_t count) {
+			return (value << count) ^ (value >> (32-count));
+		}
+		SHA1(){ reset(); }
+		virtual ~SHA1() {}
+		SHA1(const SHA1& s) { *this = s; }
+		const SHA1& operator = (const SHA1& s) {
+			memcpy(m_digest, s.m_digest, 5 * sizeof(uint32_t));
+			memcpy(m_block, s.m_block, 64);
+			m_blockByteIndex = s.m_blockByteIndex;
+			m_byteCount = s.m_byteCount;
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SHA1& reset() {
+			m_digest[0] = 0x67452301;
+			m_digest[1] = 0xEFCDAB89;
+			m_digest[2] = 0x98BADCFE;
+			m_digest[3] = 0x10325476;
+			m_digest[4] = 0xC3D2E1F0;
+			m_blockByteIndex = 0;
+			m_byteCount = 0;
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SHA1& processByte(uint8_t octet) {
+			this->m_block[this->m_blockByteIndex++] = octet;
+			++this->m_byteCount;
+			if(m_blockByteIndex == 64) {
+				this->m_blockByteIndex = 0;
+				processBlock();
+			}
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SHA1& processBlock(const void* const start, const void* const end) {
+			const uint8_t* begin = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(start);
+			const uint8_t* finish = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(end);
+			while(begin != finish) {
+				processByte(*begin);
+				begin++;
+			}
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SHA1& processBytes(const void* const data, size_t len) {
+			const uint8_t* block = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
+			processBlock(block, block + len);
+			return *this;
+		}
+		const uint32_t* getDigest(digest32_t digest) {
+			size_t bitCount = this->m_byteCount * 8;
+			processByte(0x80);
+			if (this->m_blockByteIndex > 56) {
+				while (m_blockByteIndex != 0) {
+					processByte(0);
+				}
+				while (m_blockByteIndex < 56) {
+					processByte(0);
+				}
+			} else {
+				while (m_blockByteIndex < 56) {
+					processByte(0);
+				}
+			}
+			processByte(0);
+			processByte(0);
+			processByte(0);
+			processByte(0);
+			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount>>24) & 0xFF));
+			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount>>16) & 0xFF));
+			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount>>8 ) & 0xFF));
+			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount)     & 0xFF));
+	
+			memcpy(digest, m_digest, 5 * sizeof(uint32_t));
+			return digest;
+		}
+		const uint8_t* getDigestBytes(digest8_t digest) {
+			digest32_t d32;
+			getDigest(d32);
+			size_t di = 0;
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[0] >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[0] >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[0] >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[0]) & 0xFF);
+			
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[1] >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[1] >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[1] >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[1]) & 0xFF);
+			
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[2] >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[2] >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[2] >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[2]) & 0xFF);
+			
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[3] >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[3] >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[3] >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[3]) & 0xFF);
+			
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[4] >> 24) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[4] >> 16) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[4] >> 8) & 0xFF);
+			digest[di++] = ((d32[4]) & 0xFF);
+			return digest;
+		}
+	
+	protected:
+		void processBlock() {
+			uint32_t w[80];
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+				w[i]  = (m_block[i*4 + 0] << 24);
+				w[i] |= (m_block[i*4 + 1] << 16);
+				w[i] |= (m_block[i*4 + 2] << 8);
+				w[i] |= (m_block[i*4 + 3]);
+			}
+			for (size_t i = 16; i < 80; i++) {
+				w[i] = LeftRotate((w[i-3] ^ w[i-8] ^ w[i-14] ^ w[i-16]), 1);
+			}
+	
+			uint32_t a = m_digest[0];
+			uint32_t b = m_digest[1];
+			uint32_t c = m_digest[2];
+			uint32_t d = m_digest[3];
+			uint32_t e = m_digest[4];
+	
+			for (std::size_t i=0; i<80; ++i) {
+				uint32_t f = 0;
+				uint32_t k = 0;
+	
+				if (i<20) {
+					f = (b & c) | (~b & d);
+					k = 0x5A827999;
+				} else if (i<40) {
+					f = b ^ c ^ d;
+					k = 0x6ED9EBA1;
+				} else if (i<60) {
+					f = (b & c) | (b & d) | (c & d);
+					k = 0x8F1BBCDC;
+				} else {
+					f = b ^ c ^ d;
+					k = 0xCA62C1D6;
+				}
+				uint32_t temp = LeftRotate(a, 5) + f + e + k + w[i];
+				e = d;
+				d = c;
+				c = LeftRotate(b, 30);
+				b = a;
+				a = temp;
+			}
+	
+			m_digest[0] += a;
+			m_digest[1] += b;
+			m_digest[2] += c;
+			m_digest[3] += d;
+			m_digest[4] += e;
+		}
+	private:
+		digest32_t m_digest;
+		uint8_t m_block[64];
+		size_t m_blockByteIndex;
+		size_t m_byteCount;
+	};
 }
 #endif
-#endif
-
-
-
-#pragma once
-
-#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
-#include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
-#include <unordered_map>
-
-namespace crow
-{
-    struct ci_hash
-    {
-        size_t operator()(const std::string& key) const
-        {
-            std::size_t seed = 0;
-            std::locale locale;
-
-            for(auto c : key)
-            {
-                boost::hash_combine(seed, std::toupper(c, locale));
-            }
-
-            return seed;
-        }
-    };
-
-    struct ci_key_eq
-    {
-        bool operator()(const std::string& l, const std::string& r) const
-        {
-            return boost::iequals(l, r);
-        }
-    };
-
-    using ci_map = std::unordered_multimap<std::string, std::string, ci_hash, ci_key_eq>;
-}
 
 
 
@@ -3271,205 +790,6 @@ template <typename F, typename Set>
 
 
 
-/* 
- *
- * TinySHA1 - a header only implementation of the SHA1 algorithm in C++. Based
- * on the implementation in boost::uuid::details.
- * 
- * SHA1 Wikipedia Page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1
- * 
- * Copyright (c) 2012-22 SAURAV MOHAPATRA <mohaps@gmail.com>
- *
- * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
- * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
- * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
- *
- * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
- * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
- * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
- * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
- * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
- * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
- */
-#ifndef _TINY_SHA1_HPP_
-#define _TINY_SHA1_HPP_
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <stdint.h>
-namespace sha1
-{
-	class SHA1
-	{
-	public:
-		typedef uint32_t digest32_t[5];
-		typedef uint8_t digest8_t[20];
-		inline static uint32_t LeftRotate(uint32_t value, size_t count) {
-			return (value << count) ^ (value >> (32-count));
-		}
-		SHA1(){ reset(); }
-		virtual ~SHA1() {}
-		SHA1(const SHA1& s) { *this = s; }
-		const SHA1& operator = (const SHA1& s) {
-			memcpy(m_digest, s.m_digest, 5 * sizeof(uint32_t));
-			memcpy(m_block, s.m_block, 64);
-			m_blockByteIndex = s.m_blockByteIndex;
-			m_byteCount = s.m_byteCount;
-			return *this;
-		}
-		SHA1& reset() {
-			m_digest[0] = 0x67452301;
-			m_digest[1] = 0xEFCDAB89;
-			m_digest[2] = 0x98BADCFE;
-			m_digest[3] = 0x10325476;
-			m_digest[4] = 0xC3D2E1F0;
-			m_blockByteIndex = 0;
-			m_byteCount = 0;
-			return *this;
-		}
-		SHA1& processByte(uint8_t octet) {
-			this->m_block[this->m_blockByteIndex++] = octet;
-			++this->m_byteCount;
-			if(m_blockByteIndex == 64) {
-				this->m_blockByteIndex = 0;
-				processBlock();
-			}
-			return *this;
-		}
-		SHA1& processBlock(const void* const start, const void* const end) {
-			const uint8_t* begin = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(start);
-			const uint8_t* finish = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(end);
-			while(begin != finish) {
-				processByte(*begin);
-				begin++;
-			}
-			return *this;
-		}
-		SHA1& processBytes(const void* const data, size_t len) {
-			const uint8_t* block = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
-			processBlock(block, block + len);
-			return *this;
-		}
-		const uint32_t* getDigest(digest32_t digest) {
-			size_t bitCount = this->m_byteCount * 8;
-			processByte(0x80);
-			if (this->m_blockByteIndex > 56) {
-				while (m_blockByteIndex != 0) {
-					processByte(0);
-				}
-				while (m_blockByteIndex < 56) {
-					processByte(0);
-				}
-			} else {
-				while (m_blockByteIndex < 56) {
-					processByte(0);
-				}
-			}
-			processByte(0);
-			processByte(0);
-			processByte(0);
-			processByte(0);
-			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount>>24) & 0xFF));
-			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount>>16) & 0xFF));
-			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount>>8 ) & 0xFF));
-			processByte( static_cast<unsigned char>((bitCount)     & 0xFF));
-	
-			memcpy(digest, m_digest, 5 * sizeof(uint32_t));
-			return digest;
-		}
-		const uint8_t* getDigestBytes(digest8_t digest) {
-			digest32_t d32;
-			getDigest(d32);
-			size_t di = 0;
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[0] >> 24) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[0] >> 16) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[0] >> 8) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[0]) & 0xFF);
-			
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[1] >> 24) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[1] >> 16) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[1] >> 8) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[1]) & 0xFF);
-			
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[2] >> 24) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[2] >> 16) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[2] >> 8) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[2]) & 0xFF);
-			
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[3] >> 24) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[3] >> 16) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[3] >> 8) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[3]) & 0xFF);
-			
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[4] >> 24) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[4] >> 16) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[4] >> 8) & 0xFF);
-			digest[di++] = ((d32[4]) & 0xFF);
-			return digest;
-		}
-	
-	protected:
-		void processBlock() {
-			uint32_t w[80];
-			for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
-				w[i]  = (m_block[i*4 + 0] << 24);
-				w[i] |= (m_block[i*4 + 1] << 16);
-				w[i] |= (m_block[i*4 + 2] << 8);
-				w[i] |= (m_block[i*4 + 3]);
-			}
-			for (size_t i = 16; i < 80; i++) {
-				w[i] = LeftRotate((w[i-3] ^ w[i-8] ^ w[i-14] ^ w[i-16]), 1);
-			}
-	
-			uint32_t a = m_digest[0];
-			uint32_t b = m_digest[1];
-			uint32_t c = m_digest[2];
-			uint32_t d = m_digest[3];
-			uint32_t e = m_digest[4];
-	
-			for (std::size_t i=0; i<80; ++i) {
-				uint32_t f = 0;
-				uint32_t k = 0;
-	
-				if (i<20) {
-					f = (b & c) | (~b & d);
-					k = 0x5A827999;
-				} else if (i<40) {
-					f = b ^ c ^ d;
-					k = 0x6ED9EBA1;
-				} else if (i<60) {
-					f = (b & c) | (b & d) | (c & d);
-					k = 0x8F1BBCDC;
-				} else {
-					f = b ^ c ^ d;
-					k = 0xCA62C1D6;
-				}
-				uint32_t temp = LeftRotate(a, 5) + f + e + k + w[i];
-				e = d;
-				d = c;
-				c = LeftRotate(b, 30);
-				b = a;
-				a = temp;
-			}
-	
-			m_digest[0] += a;
-			m_digest[1] += b;
-			m_digest[2] += c;
-			m_digest[3] += d;
-			m_digest[4] += e;
-		}
-	private:
-		digest32_t m_digest;
-		uint8_t m_block[64];
-		size_t m_blockByteIndex;
-		size_t m_byteCount;
-	};
-}
-#endif
-
-
-
 #pragma once
 #include <boost/asio.hpp>
 #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
@@ -3593,6 +913,7 @@ namespace crow
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <boost/optional.hpp>
 
 namespace crow
 {
@@ -3785,6 +1106,37 @@ inline char * qs_k2v(const char * key, char * const * qs_kv, int qs_kv_size, int
     return NULL;
 }
 
+inline boost::optional<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> qs_dict_name2kv(const char * dict_name, char * const * qs_kv, int qs_kv_size, int nth = 0)
+{
+    int i;
+    size_t name_len, skip;
+
+    name_len = strlen(dict_name) + 1;
+
+#ifdef _qsSORTING
+// TODO: binary search for key in the sorted qs_kv
+#else  // _qsSORTING
+    for(i=0; i<qs_kv_size; i++)
+    {
+        // we rely on the unambiguous '=' to find the value in our k/v pair
+        if ( qs_strncmp(dict_name, qs_kv[i], name_len) == 0)
+        {
+            skip = strcspn(qs_kv[i], "=");
+            if ( qs_kv[i][skip] == '=' )
+                skip++;
+            // return (zero-char value) ? ptr to trailing '\0' : ptr to value
+            if(nth == 0)
+                return boost::make_optional(std::make_pair(std::string(qs_kv[i] + 1), 
+                                                           std::string(qs_kv[i] + skip)));
+            else 
+                --nth;
+        }
+    }
+#endif  // _qsSORTING
+
+    return boost::none;
+}
+
 
 inline char * qs_scanvalue(const char * key, const char * qs, char * val, size_t val_len)
 {
@@ -3925,6 +1277,25 @@ namespace crow
         }
 
 
+        std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> get_dict (const std::string& name) const
+        {
+            std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> ret;
+
+            int count = 0;
+            while(1)
+            {
+                if (auto element = qs_dict_name2kv(name.c_str(), key_value_pairs_.data(), key_value_pairs_.size(), count++))
+                    ret.push_back(*element);
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+
+
+
+
     private:
         std::string url_;
         std::vector<char*> key_value_pairs_;
@@ -6099,1518 +3470,2982 @@ namespace crow
 
 
 
-#pragma once
+/* merged revision: 5b951d74bd66ec9d38448e0a85b1cf8b85d97db3 */
+/* Copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef CROW_http_parser_h
+#define CROW_http_parser_h
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
 
-#include <boost/asio.hpp>
-#include <deque>
-#include <functional>
-#include <chrono>
-#include <thread>
+/* Also update SONAME in the Makefile whenever you change these. */
+#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MAJOR 2
+#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MINOR 3
+#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_PATCH 0
 
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && (!defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER<1600)
+#include <BaseTsd.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+typedef __int8 int8_t;
+typedef unsigned __int8 uint8_t;
+typedef __int16 int16_t;
+typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
+typedef __int32 int32_t;
+typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
+typedef __int64 int64_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+#else
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
 
+/* Compile with -DHTTP_PARSER_STRICT=0 to make less checks, but run
+ * faster
+ */
+#ifndef CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+# define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT 1
+#endif
 
+/* Maximium header size allowed. If the macro is not defined
+ * before including this header then the default is used. To
+ * change the maximum header size, define the macro in the build
+ * environment (e.g. -DHTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE=<value>). To remove
+ * the effective limit on the size of the header, define the macro
+ * to a very large number (e.g. -DHTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE=0x7fffffff)
+ */
+#ifndef CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE
+# define CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE (80*1024)
+#endif
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    namespace detail 
-    {
-        // fast timer queue for fixed tick value.
-        class dumb_timer_queue
-        {
-        public:
-            using key = std::pair<dumb_timer_queue*, int>;
+typedef struct http_parser http_parser;
+typedef struct http_parser_settings http_parser_settings;
 
-            void cancel(key& k)
-            {
-                auto self = k.first;
-                k.first = nullptr;
-                if (!self)
-                    return;
 
-                unsigned int index = (unsigned int)(k.second - self->step_);
-                if (index < self->dq_.size())
-                    self->dq_[index].second = nullptr;
-            }
+/* Callbacks should return non-zero to indicate an error. The parser will
+ * then halt execution.
+ *
+ * The one exception is on_headers_complete. In a HTTP_RESPONSE parser
+ * returning '1' from on_headers_complete will tell the parser that it
+ * should not expect a body. This is used when receiving a response to a
+ * HEAD request which may contain 'Content-Length' or 'Transfer-Encoding:
+ * chunked' headers that indicate the presence of a body.
+ *
+ * http_data_cb does not return data chunks. It will be call arbitrarally
+ * many times for each string. E.G. you might get 10 callbacks for "on_url"
+ * each providing just a few characters more data.
+ */
+typedef int (*http_data_cb) (http_parser*, const char *at, size_t length);
+typedef int (*http_cb) (http_parser*);
 
-            key add(std::function<void()> f)
-            {
-                dq_.emplace_back(std::chrono::steady_clock::now(), std::move(f));
-                int ret = step_+dq_.size()-1;
 
-                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "timer add inside: " << this << ' ' << ret ;
-                return {this, ret};
-            }
+/* Request Methods */
+#define CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)         \
+  CROW_XX(0,  DELETE,      DELETE)       \
+  CROW_XX(1,  GET,         GET)          \
+  CROW_XX(2,  HEAD,        HEAD)         \
+  CROW_XX(3,  POST,        POST)         \
+  CROW_XX(4,  PUT,         PUT)          \
+  /* pathological */                \
+  CROW_XX(5,  CONNECT,     CONNECT)      \
+  CROW_XX(6,  OPTIONS,     OPTIONS)      \
+  CROW_XX(7,  TRACE,       TRACE)        \
+  /* webdav */                      \
+  CROW_XX(8,  COPY,        COPY)         \
+  CROW_XX(9,  LOCK,        LOCK)         \
+  CROW_XX(10, MKCOL,       MKCOL)        \
+  CROW_XX(11, MOVE,        MOVE)         \
+  CROW_XX(12, PROPFIND,    PROPFIND)     \
+  CROW_XX(13, PROPPATCH,   PROPPATCH)    \
+  CROW_XX(14, SEARCH,      SEARCH)       \
+  CROW_XX(15, UNLOCK,      UNLOCK)       \
+  /* subversion */                  \
+  CROW_XX(16, REPORT,      REPORT)       \
+  CROW_XX(17, MKACTIVITY,  MKACTIVITY)   \
+  CROW_XX(18, CHECKOUT,    CHECKOUT)     \
+  CROW_XX(19, MERGE,       MERGE)        \
+  /* upnp */                        \
+  CROW_XX(20, MSEARCH,     M-SEARCH)     \
+  CROW_XX(21, NOTIFY,      NOTIFY)       \
+  CROW_XX(22, SUBSCRIBE,   SUBSCRIBE)    \
+  CROW_XX(23, UNSUBSCRIBE, UNSUBSCRIBE)  \
+  /* RFC-5789 */                    \
+  CROW_XX(24, PATCH,       PATCH)        \
+  CROW_XX(25, PURGE,       PURGE)        \
+  /* CalDAV */                      \
+  CROW_XX(26, MKCALENDAR,  MKCALENDAR)   \
 
-            void process()
-            {
-                if (!io_service_)
-                    return;
+enum http_method
+  {
+#define CROW_XX(num, name, string) HTTP_##name = num,
+  CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)
+#undef CROW_XX
+  };
 
-                auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-                while(!dq_.empty())
-                {
-                    auto& x = dq_.front();
-                    if (now - x.first < std::chrono::seconds(tick))
-                        break;
-                    if (x.second)
-                    {
-                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "timer call: " << this << ' ' << step_;
-                        // we know that timer handlers are very simple currenty; call here
-                        x.second();
-                    }
-                    dq_.pop_front();
-                    step_++;
-                }
-            }
 
-            void set_io_service(boost::asio::io_service& io_service)
-            {
-                io_service_ = &io_service;
-            }
+enum http_parser_type { HTTP_REQUEST, HTTP_RESPONSE, HTTP_BOTH };
 
-            dumb_timer_queue() noexcept
-            {
-            }
 
-        private:
+/* Flag values for http_parser.flags field */
+enum flags
+  { F_CHUNKED               = 1 << 0
+  , F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE = 1 << 1
+  , F_CONNECTION_CLOSE      = 1 << 2
+  , F_TRAILING              = 1 << 3
+  , F_UPGRADE               = 1 << 4
+  , F_SKIPBODY              = 1 << 5
+  };
 
-            int tick{5};
-            boost::asio::io_service* io_service_{};
-            std::deque<std::pair<decltype(std::chrono::steady_clock::now()), std::function<void()>>> dq_;
-            int step_{};
-        };
-    }
-}
 
+/* Map for errno-related constants
+ * 
+ * The provided argument should be a macro that takes 2 arguments.
+ */
+#define CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_XX)                                           \
+  /* No error */                                                     \
+  CROW_XX(OK, "success")                                                  \
+                                                                     \
+  /* Callback-related errors */                                      \
+  CROW_XX(CB_message_begin, "the on_message_begin callback failed")       \
+  CROW_XX(CB_url, "the on_url callback failed")                           \
+  CROW_XX(CB_header_field, "the on_header_field callback failed")         \
+  CROW_XX(CB_header_value, "the on_header_value callback failed")         \
+  CROW_XX(CB_headers_complete, "the on_headers_complete callback failed") \
+  CROW_XX(CB_body, "the on_body callback failed")                         \
+  CROW_XX(CB_message_complete, "the on_message_complete callback failed") \
+  CROW_XX(CB_status, "the on_status callback failed")                     \
+                                                                     \
+  /* Parsing-related errors */                                       \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_EOF_STATE, "stream ended at an unexpected time")        \
+  CROW_XX(HEADER_OVERFLOW,                                                \
+     "too many header bytes seen; overflow detected")                \
+  CROW_XX(CLOSED_CONNECTION,                                              \
+     "data received after completed connection: close message")      \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_VERSION, "invalid HTTP version")                        \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_STATUS, "invalid HTTP status code")                     \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_METHOD, "invalid HTTP method")                          \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_URL, "invalid URL")                                     \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_HOST, "invalid host")                                   \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_PORT, "invalid port")                                   \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_PATH, "invalid path")                                   \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_QUERY_STRING, "invalid query string")                   \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_FRAGMENT, "invalid fragment")                           \
+  CROW_XX(LF_EXPECTED, "CROW_LF character expected")                           \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN, "invalid character in header")            \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH,                                         \
+     "invalid character in content-length header")                   \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE,                                             \
+     "invalid character in chunk size header")                       \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_CONSTANT, "invalid constant string")                    \
+  CROW_XX(INVALID_INTERNAL_STATE, "encountered unexpected internal state")\
+  CROW_XX(STRICT, "strict mode assertion failed")                         \
+  CROW_XX(PAUSED, "parser is paused")                                     \
+  CROW_XX(UNKNOWN, "an unknown error occurred")
 
 
-#pragma once
+/* Define HPE_* values for each errno value above */
+#define CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_GEN(n, s) HPE_##n,
+enum http_errno {
+  CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_GEN)
+};
+#undef CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_GEN
 
-#include <vector>
-#include <string>
-#include <stdexcept>
-#include <iostream>
 
+/* Get an http_errno value from an http_parser */
+#define CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(p)            ((enum http_errno) (p)->http_errno)
 
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    enum class HTTPMethod
-    {
-#ifndef DELETE
-        DELETE = 0,
-        GET,
-        HEAD,
-        POST,
-        PUT,
-        CONNECT,
-        OPTIONS,
-        TRACE,
+struct http_parser {
+  /** PRIVATE **/
+  unsigned int type : 2;         /* enum http_parser_type */
+  unsigned int flags : 6;        /* F_* values from 'flags' enum; semi-public */
+  unsigned int state : 8;        /* enum state from http_parser.c */
+  unsigned int header_state : 8; /* enum header_state from http_parser.c */
+  unsigned int index : 8;        /* index into current matcher */
+
+  uint32_t nread;          /* # bytes read in various scenarios */
+  uint64_t content_length; /* # bytes in body (0 if no Content-Length header) */
+
+  /** READ-ONLY **/
+  unsigned short http_major;
+  unsigned short http_minor;
+  unsigned int status_code : 16; /* responses only */
+  unsigned int method : 8;       /* requests only */
+  unsigned int http_errno : 7;
+
+  /* 1 = Upgrade header was present and the parser has exited because of that.
+   * 0 = No upgrade header present.
+   * Should be checked when http_parser_execute() returns in addition to
+   * error checking.
+   */
+  unsigned int upgrade : 1;
+
+  /** PUBLIC **/
+  void *data; /* A pointer to get hook to the "connection" or "socket" object */
+};
+
+
+struct http_parser_settings {
+  http_cb      on_message_begin;
+  http_data_cb on_url;
+  http_data_cb on_status;
+  http_data_cb on_header_field;
+  http_data_cb on_header_value;
+  http_cb      on_headers_complete;
+  http_data_cb on_body;
+  http_cb      on_message_complete;
+};
+
+
+enum http_parser_url_fields
+  { UF_SCHEMA           = 0
+  , UF_HOST             = 1
+  , UF_PORT             = 2
+  , UF_PATH             = 3
+  , UF_QUERY            = 4
+  , UF_FRAGMENT         = 5
+  , UF_USERINFO         = 6
+  , UF_MAX              = 7
+  };
+
+
+/* Result structure for http_parser_parse_url().
+ *
+ * Callers should index into field_data[] with UF_* values iff field_set
+ * has the relevant (1 << UF_*) bit set. As a courtesy to clients (and
+ * because we probably have padding left over), we convert any port to
+ * a uint16_t.
+ */
+struct http_parser_url {
+  uint16_t field_set;           /* Bitmask of (1 << UF_*) values */
+  uint16_t port;                /* Converted UF_PORT string */
+
+  struct {
+    uint16_t off;               /* Offset into buffer in which field starts */
+    uint16_t len;               /* Length of run in buffer */
+  } field_data[UF_MAX];
+};
+
+
+/* Returns the library version. Bits 16-23 contain the major version number,
+ * bits 8-15 the minor version number and bits 0-7 the patch level.
+ * Usage example:
+ *
+ *   unsigned long version = http_parser_version();
+ *   unsigned major = (version >> 16) & 255;
+ *   unsigned minor = (version >> 8) & 255;
+ *   unsigned patch = version & 255;
+ *   printf("http_parser v%u.%u.%u\n", major, minor, version);
+ */
+unsigned long http_parser_version(void);
+
+void http_parser_init(http_parser *parser, enum http_parser_type type);
+
+
+size_t http_parser_execute(http_parser *parser,
+                           const http_parser_settings *settings,
+                           const char *data,
+                           size_t len);
+
+
+/* If http_should_keep_alive() in the on_headers_complete or
+ * on_message_complete callback returns 0, then this should be
+ * the last message on the connection.
+ * If you are the server, respond with the "Connection: close" header.
+ * If you are the client, close the connection.
+ */
+int http_should_keep_alive(const http_parser *parser);
+
+/* Returns a string version of the HTTP method. */
+const char *http_method_str(enum http_method m);
+
+/* Return a string name of the given error */
+const char *http_errno_name(enum http_errno err);
+
+/* Return a string description of the given error */
+const char *http_errno_description(enum http_errno err);
+
+/* Parse a URL; return nonzero on failure */
+int http_parser_parse_url(const char *buf, size_t buflen,
+                          int is_connect,
+                          struct http_parser_url *u);
+
+/* Pause or un-pause the parser; a nonzero value pauses */
+void http_parser_pause(http_parser *parser, int paused);
+
+/* Checks if this is the final chunk of the body. */
+int http_body_is_final(const http_parser *parser);
+
+/*#include "http_parser.h"*/
+/* Based on src/http/ngx_http_parse.c from NGINX copyright Igor Sysoev
+ *
+ * Additional changes are licensed under the same terms as NGINX and
+ * copyright Joyent, Inc. and other Node contributors. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#ifndef CROW_ULLONG_MAX
+# define CROW_ULLONG_MAX ((uint64_t) -1) /* 2^64-1 */
 #endif
 
-        Delete = 0,
-        Get,
-        Head,
-        Post,
-        Put,
-        Connect,
-        Options,
-        Trace,
-    };
+#ifndef CROW_MIN
+# define CROW_MIN(a,b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#endif
 
-    inline std::string method_name(HTTPMethod method)
-    {
-        switch(method)
-        {
-            case HTTPMethod::Delete:
-                return "DELETE";
-            case HTTPMethod::Get:
-                return "GET";
-            case HTTPMethod::Head:
-                return "HEAD";
-            case HTTPMethod::Post:
-                return "POST";
-            case HTTPMethod::Put:
-                return "PUT";
-            case HTTPMethod::Connect:
-                return "CONNECT";
-            case HTTPMethod::Options:
-                return "OPTIONS";
-            case HTTPMethod::Trace:
-                return "TRACE";
-        }
-        return "invalid";
-    }
+#ifndef CROW_ARRAY_SIZE
+# define CROW_ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof((a)[0]))
+#endif
 
-    enum class ParamType
-    {
-        INT,
-        UINT,
-        DOUBLE,
-        STRING,
-        PATH,
+#ifndef CROW_BIT_AT
+# define CROW_BIT_AT(a, i)                                                \
+  (!!((unsigned int) (a)[(unsigned int) (i) >> 3] &                  \
+   (1 << ((unsigned int) (i) & 7))))
+#endif
 
-        MAX
-    };
+#ifndef CROW_ELEM_AT
+# define CROW_ELEM_AT(a, i, v) ((unsigned int) (i) < CROW_ARRAY_SIZE(a) ? (a)[(i)] : (v))
+#endif
 
-    struct routing_params
-    {
-        std::vector<int64_t> int_params;
-        std::vector<uint64_t> uint_params;
-        std::vector<double> double_params;
-        std::vector<std::string> string_params;
+#define CROW_SET_ERRNO(e)                                                 \
+do {                                                                 \
+  parser->http_errno = (e);                                          \
+} while(0)
 
-        void debug_print() const
-        {
-            std::cerr << "routing_params" << std::endl;
-            for(auto i:int_params)
-                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
-            std::cerr<<std::endl;
-            for(auto i:uint_params)
-                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
-            std::cerr<<std::endl;
-            for(auto i:double_params)
-                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
-            std::cerr<<std::endl;
-            for(auto& i:string_params)
-                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
-            std::cerr<<std::endl;
-        }
 
-        template <typename T>
-        T get(unsigned) const;
+/* Run the notify callback FOR, returning ER if it fails */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, ER)                                    \
+do {                                                                 \
+  assert(CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK);                       \
+                                                                     \
+  if (settings->on_##FOR) {                                          \
+    if (0 != settings->on_##FOR(parser)) {                           \
+      CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_##FOR);                                       \
+    }                                                                \
+                                                                     \
+    /* We either errored above or got paused; get out */             \
+    if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {                       \
+      return (ER);                                                   \
+    }                                                                \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
 
-    };
+/* Run the notify callback FOR and consume the current byte */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(FOR)            CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, p - data + 1)
 
-    template<>
-    inline int64_t routing_params::get<int64_t>(unsigned index) const
-    {
-        return int_params[index];
-    }
+/* Run the notify callback FOR and don't consume the current byte */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE(FOR)  CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_(FOR, p - data)
 
-    template<>
-    inline uint64_t routing_params::get<uint64_t>(unsigned index) const
-    {
-        return uint_params[index];
-    }
+/* Run data callback FOR with LEN bytes, returning ER if it fails */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, LEN, ER)                                 \
+do {                                                                 \
+  assert(CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK);                       \
+                                                                     \
+  if (FOR##_mark) {                                                  \
+    if (settings->on_##FOR) {                                        \
+      if (0 != settings->on_##FOR(parser, FOR##_mark, (LEN))) {      \
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_##FOR);                                     \
+      }                                                              \
+                                                                     \
+      /* We either errored above or got paused; get out */           \
+      if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {                     \
+        return (ER);                                                 \
+      }                                                              \
+    }                                                                \
+    FOR##_mark = NULL;                                               \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
+  
+/* Run the data callback FOR and consume the current byte */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(FOR)                                           \
+    CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, p - FOR##_mark, p - data + 1)
 
-    template<>
-    inline double routing_params::get<double>(unsigned index) const
-    {
-        return double_params[index];
-    }
+/* Run the data callback FOR and don't consume the current byte */
+#define CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(FOR)                                 \
+    CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(FOR, p - FOR##_mark, p - data)
 
-    template<>
-    inline std::string routing_params::get<std::string>(unsigned index) const
-    {
-        return string_params[index];
-    }
-}
+/* Set the mark FOR; non-destructive if mark is already set */
+#define CROW_MARK(FOR)                                                    \
+do {                                                                 \
+  if (!FOR##_mark) {                                                 \
+    FOR##_mark = p;                                                  \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
 
-#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
-constexpr crow::HTTPMethod operator "" _method(const char* str, size_t /*len*/)
+
+#define CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION "proxy-connection"
+#define CROW_CONNECTION "connection"
+#define CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH "content-length"
+#define CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING "transfer-encoding"
+#define CROW_UPGRADE "upgrade"
+#define CROW_CHUNKED "chunked"
+#define CROW_KEEP_ALIVE "keep-alive"
+#define CROW_CLOSE "close"
+
+
+
+
+enum state
+  { s_dead = 1 /* important that this is > 0 */
+
+  , s_start_req_or_res
+  , s_res_or_resp_H
+  , s_start_res
+  , s_res_H
+  , s_res_HT
+  , s_res_HTT
+  , s_res_HTTP
+  , s_res_first_http_major
+  , s_res_http_major
+  , s_res_first_http_minor
+  , s_res_http_minor
+  , s_res_first_status_code
+  , s_res_status_code
+  , s_res_status_start
+  , s_res_status
+  , s_res_line_almost_done
+
+  , s_start_req
+
+  , s_req_method
+  , s_req_spaces_before_url
+  , s_req_schema
+  , s_req_schema_slash
+  , s_req_schema_slash_slash
+  , s_req_server_start
+  , s_req_server
+  , s_req_server_with_at
+  , s_req_path
+  , s_req_query_string_start
+  , s_req_query_string
+  , s_req_fragment_start
+  , s_req_fragment
+  , s_req_http_start
+  , s_req_http_H
+  , s_req_http_HT
+  , s_req_http_HTT
+  , s_req_http_HTTP
+  , s_req_first_http_major
+  , s_req_http_major
+  , s_req_first_http_minor
+  , s_req_http_minor
+  , s_req_line_almost_done
+
+  , s_header_field_start
+  , s_header_field
+  , s_header_value_discard_ws
+  , s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done
+  , s_header_value_discard_lws
+  , s_header_value_start
+  , s_header_value
+  , s_header_value_lws
+
+  , s_header_almost_done
+
+  , s_chunk_size_start
+  , s_chunk_size
+  , s_chunk_parameters
+  , s_chunk_size_almost_done
+
+  , s_headers_almost_done
+  , s_headers_done
+
+  /* Important: 's_headers_done' must be the last 'header' state. All
+   * states beyond this must be 'body' states. It is used for overflow
+   * checking. See the CROW_PARSING_HEADER() macro.
+   */
+
+  , s_chunk_data
+  , s_chunk_data_almost_done
+  , s_chunk_data_done
+
+  , s_body_identity
+  , s_body_identity_eof
+
+  , s_message_done
+  };
+
+
+#define CROW_PARSING_HEADER(state) (state <= s_headers_done)
+
+
+enum header_states
+  { h_general = 0
+  , h_C
+  , h_CO
+  , h_CON
+
+  , h_matching_connection
+  , h_matching_proxy_connection
+  , h_matching_content_length
+  , h_matching_transfer_encoding
+  , h_matching_upgrade
+
+  , h_connection
+  , h_content_length
+  , h_transfer_encoding
+  , h_upgrade
+
+  , h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked
+  , h_matching_connection_keep_alive
+  , h_matching_connection_close
+
+  , h_transfer_encoding_chunked
+  , h_connection_keep_alive
+  , h_connection_close
+  };
+
+enum http_host_state
+  {
+    s_http_host_dead = 1
+  , s_http_userinfo_start
+  , s_http_userinfo
+  , s_http_host_start
+  , s_http_host_v6_start
+  , s_http_host
+  , s_http_host_v6
+  , s_http_host_v6_end
+  , s_http_host_port_start
+  , s_http_host_port
+};
+
+/* Macros for character classes; depends on strict-mode  */
+#define CROW_CR                  '\r'
+#define CROW_LF                  '\n'
+#define CROW_LOWER(c)            (unsigned char)(c | 0x20)
+#define CROW_IS_ALPHA(c)         (CROW_LOWER(c) >= 'a' && CROW_LOWER(c) <= 'z')
+#define CROW_IS_NUM(c)           ((c) >= '0' && (c) <= '9')
+#define CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c)      (CROW_IS_ALPHA(c) || CROW_IS_NUM(c))
+#define CROW_IS_HEX(c)           (CROW_IS_NUM(c) || (CROW_LOWER(c) >= 'a' && CROW_LOWER(c) <= 'f'))
+#define CROW_IS_MARK(c)          ((c) == '-' || (c) == '_' || (c) == '.' || \
+  (c) == '!' || (c) == '~' || (c) == '*' || (c) == '\'' || (c) == '(' || \
+  (c) == ')')
+#define CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR(c) (CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c) || CROW_IS_MARK(c) || (c) == '%' || \
+  (c) == ';' || (c) == ':' || (c) == '&' || (c) == '=' || (c) == '+' || \
+  (c) == '$' || (c) == ',')
+
+#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+#define CROW_TOKEN(c)            (tokens[(unsigned char)c])
+#define CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(c)      (CROW_BIT_AT(normal_url_char, (unsigned char)c))
+#define CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(c)     (CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c) || (c) == '.' || (c) == '-')
+#else
+#define CROW_TOKEN(c)            ((c == ' ') ? ' ' : tokens[(unsigned char)c])
+#define CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(c)                                                         \
+  (CROW_BIT_AT(normal_url_char, (unsigned char)c) || ((c) & 0x80))
+#define CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(c)                                                        \
+  (CROW_IS_ALPHANUM(c) || (c) == '.' || (c) == '-' || (c) == '_')
+#endif
+
+
+#define CROW_start_state (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST ? s_start_req : s_start_res)
+
+
+#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+# define CROW_STRICT_CHECK(cond)                                          \
+do {                                                                 \
+  if (cond) {                                                        \
+    CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_STRICT);                                           \
+    goto error;                                                      \
+  }                                                                  \
+} while (0)
+# define CROW_NEW_MESSAGE() (http_should_keep_alive(parser) ? CROW_start_state : s_dead)
+#else
+# define CROW_STRICT_CHECK(cond)
+# define CROW_NEW_MESSAGE() CROW_start_state
+#endif
+
+
+
+int http_message_needs_eof(const http_parser *parser);
+
+/* Our URL parser.
+ *
+ * This is designed to be shared by http_parser_execute() for URL validation,
+ * hence it has a state transition + byte-for-byte interface. In addition, it
+ * is meant to be embedded in http_parser_parse_url(), which does the dirty
+ * work of turning state transitions URL components for its API.
+ *
+ * This function should only be invoked with non-space characters. It is
+ * assumed that the caller cares about (and can detect) the transition between
+ * URL and non-URL states by looking for these.
+ */
+inline enum state
+parse_url_char(enum state s, const char ch)
 {
-    return
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "GET", 3) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Get :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "DELETE", 6) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Delete :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "HEAD", 4) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Head :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "POST", 4) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Post :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "PUT", 3) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Put :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "OPTIONS", 7) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Options :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "CONNECT", 7) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Connect :
-        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "TRACE", 5) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Trace :
-        throw std::runtime_error("invalid http method");
-}
+#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+# define CROW_T(v) 0
+#else
+# define CROW_T(v) v
 #endif
 
 
+static const uint8_t normal_url_char[32] = {
+/*   0 nul    1 soh    2 stx    3 etx    4 eot    5 enq    6 ack    7 bel  */
+        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*   8 bs     9 ht    10 nl    11 vt    12 np    13 cr    14 so    15 si   */
+        0    | CROW_T(2)   |   0    |   0    | CROW_T(16)  |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*  16 dle   17 dc1   18 dc2   19 dc3   20 dc4   21 nak   22 syn   23 etb */
+        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*  24 can   25 em    26 sub   27 esc   28 fs    29 gs    30 rs    31 us  */
+        0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0    |   0,
+/*  32 sp    33  !    34  "    35  #    36  $    37  %    38  &    39  '  */
+        0    |   2    |   4    |   0    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  40  (    41  )    42  *    43  +    44  ,    45  -    46  .    47  /  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  48  0    49  1    50  2    51  3    52  4    53  5    54  6    55  7  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  56  8    57  9    58  :    59  ;    60  <    61  =    62  >    63  ?  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |   0,
+/*  64  @    65  A    66  B    67  C    68  D    69  E    70  F    71  G  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  72  H    73  I    74  J    75  K    76  L    77  M    78  N    79  O  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  80  P    81  Q    82  R    83  S    84  CROW_T    85  U    86  V    87  W  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  88  X    89  Y    90  Z    91  [    92  \    93  ]    94  ^    95  _  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/*  96  `    97  a    98  b    99  c   100  d   101  e   102  f   103  g  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/* 104  h   105  i   106  j   107  k   108  l   109  m   110  n   111  o  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/* 112  p   113  q   114  r   115  s   116  t   117  u   118  v   119  w  */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |  128,
+/* 120  x   121  y   122  z   123  {   124  |   125  }   126  ~   127 del */
+        1    |   2    |   4    |   8    |   16   |   32   |   64   |   0, };
 
-#pragma once
+#undef CROW_T
 
-#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+  if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\r' || ch == '\n') {
+    return s_dead;
+  }
 
+#if CROW_HTTP_PARSER_STRICT
+  if (ch == '\t' || ch == '\f') {
+    return s_dead;
+  }
+#endif
 
+  switch (s) {
+    case s_req_spaces_before_url:
+      /* Proxied requests are followed by scheme of an absolute URI (alpha).
+       * All methods except CONNECT are followed by '/' or '*'.
+       */
 
+      if (ch == '/' || ch == '*') {
+        return s_req_path;
+      }
 
+      if (CROW_IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
+        return s_req_schema;
+      }
 
+      break;
 
+    case s_req_schema:
+      if (CROW_IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
+        return s;
+      }
 
+      if (ch == ':') {
+        return s_req_schema_slash;
+      }
 
-namespace crow
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_schema_slash:
+      if (ch == '/') {
+        return s_req_schema_slash_slash;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
+      if (ch == '/') {
+        return s_req_server_start;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_server_with_at:
+      if (ch == '@') {
+        return s_dead;
+      }
+
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case s_req_server_start:
+    case s_req_server:
+      if (ch == '/') {
+        return s_req_path;
+      }
+
+      if (ch == '?') {
+        return s_req_query_string_start;
+      }
+
+      if (ch == '@') {
+        return s_req_server_with_at;
+      }
+
+      if (CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR(ch) || ch == '[' || ch == ']') {
+        return s_req_server;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_path:
+      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s;
+      }
+
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+          return s_req_query_string_start;
+
+        case '#':
+          return s_req_fragment_start;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_query_string_start:
+    case s_req_query_string:
+      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_req_query_string;
+      }
+
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+          /* allow extra '?' in query string */
+          return s_req_query_string;
+
+        case '#':
+          return s_req_fragment_start;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_fragment_start:
+      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_req_fragment;
+      }
+
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+          return s_req_fragment;
+
+        case '#':
+          return s;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_req_fragment:
+      if (CROW_IS_URL_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s;
+      }
+
+      switch (ch) {
+        case '?':
+        case '#':
+          return s;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+
+  /* We should never fall out of the switch above unless there's an error */
+  return s_dead;
+}
+
+inline size_t http_parser_execute (http_parser *parser,
+                            const http_parser_settings *settings,
+                            const char *data,
+                            size_t len)
 {
-    template <typename T>
-    inline const std::string& get_header_value(const T& headers, const std::string& key)
-    {
-        if (headers.count(key))
-        {
-            return headers.find(key)->second;
-        }
-        static std::string empty;
-        return empty;
+static const char *method_strings[] =
+  {
+#define CROW_XX(num, name, string) #string,
+  CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)
+#undef CROW_XX
+  };
+
+/* Tokens as defined by rfc 2616. Also lowercases them.
+ *        token       = 1*<any CHAR except CTLs or separators>
+ *     separators     = "(" | ")" | "<" | ">" | "@"
+ *                    | "," | ";" | ":" | "\" | <">
+ *                    | "/" | "[" | "]" | "?" | "="
+ *                    | "{" | "}" | SP | HT
+ */
+static const char tokens[256] = {
+/*   0 nul    1 soh    2 stx    3 etx    4 eot    5 enq    6 ack    7 bel  */
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
+/*   8 bs     9 ht    10 nl    11 vt    12 np    13 cr    14 so    15 si   */
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
+/*  16 dle   17 dc1   18 dc2   19 dc3   20 dc4   21 nak   22 syn   23 etb */
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
+/*  24 can   25 em    26 sub   27 esc   28 fs    29 gs    30 rs    31 us  */
+        0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
+/*  32 sp    33  !    34  "    35  #    36  $    37  %    38  &    39  '  */
+        0,      '!',      0,      '#',     '$',     '%',     '&',    '\'',
+/*  40  (    41  )    42  *    43  +    44  ,    45  -    46  .    47  /  */
+        0,       0,      '*',     '+',      0,      '-',     '.',      0,
+/*  48  0    49  1    50  2    51  3    52  4    53  5    54  6    55  7  */
+       '0',     '1',     '2',     '3',     '4',     '5',     '6',     '7',
+/*  56  8    57  9    58  :    59  ;    60  <    61  =    62  >    63  ?  */
+       '8',     '9',      0,       0,       0,       0,       0,       0,
+/*  64  @    65  A    66  B    67  C    68  D    69  E    70  F    71  G  */
+        0,      'a',     'b',     'c',     'd',     'e',     'f',     'g',
+/*  72  H    73  I    74  J    75  K    76  L    77  M    78  N    79  O  */
+       'h',     'i',     'j',     'k',     'l',     'm',     'n',     'o',
+/*  80  P    81  Q    82  R    83  S    84  T    85  U    86  V    87  W  */
+       'p',     'q',     'r',     's',     't',     'u',     'v',     'w',
+/*  88  X    89  Y    90  Z    91  [    92  \    93  ]    94  ^    95  _  */
+       'x',     'y',     'z',      0,       0,       0,      '^',     '_',
+/*  96  `    97  a    98  b    99  c   100  d   101  e   102  f   103  g  */
+       '`',     'a',     'b',     'c',     'd',     'e',     'f',     'g',
+/* 104  h   105  i   106  j   107  k   108  l   109  m   110  n   111  o  */
+       'h',     'i',     'j',     'k',     'l',     'm',     'n',     'o',
+/* 112  p   113  q   114  r   115  s   116  t   117  u   118  v   119  w  */
+       'p',     'q',     'r',     's',     't',     'u',     'v',     'w',
+/* 120  x   121  y   122  z   123  {   124  |   125  }   126  ~   127 del */
+       'x',     'y',     'z',      0,      '|',      0,      '~',       0 };
+
+
+static const int8_t unhex[256] =
+  {-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  , 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,10,11,12,13,14,15,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,10,11,12,13,14,15,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  ,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
+  };
+
+
+
+  char c, ch;
+  int8_t unhex_val;
+  const char *p = data;
+  const char *header_field_mark = 0;
+  const char *header_value_mark = 0;
+  const char *url_mark = 0;
+  const char *body_mark = 0;
+  const char *status_mark = 0;
+
+  /* We're in an error state. Don't bother doing anything. */
+  if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (len == 0) {
+    switch (parser->state) {
+      case s_body_identity_eof:
+        /* Use of CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY() here would erroneously return 1 byte read if
+         * we got paused.
+         */
+        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE(message_complete);
+        return 0;
+
+      case s_dead:
+      case s_start_req_or_res:
+      case s_start_res:
+      case s_start_req:
+        return 0;
+
+      default:
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_EOF_STATE);
+        return 1;
     }
+  }
 
-	struct DetachHelper;
 
-    struct request
-    {
-        HTTPMethod method;
-        std::string raw_url;
-        std::string url;
-        query_string url_params;
-        ci_map headers;
-        std::string body;
+  if (parser->state == s_header_field)
+    header_field_mark = data;
+  if (parser->state == s_header_value)
+    header_value_mark = data;
+  switch (parser->state) {
+  case s_req_path:
+  case s_req_schema:
+  case s_req_schema_slash:
+  case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
+  case s_req_server_start:
+  case s_req_server:
+  case s_req_server_with_at:
+  case s_req_query_string_start:
+  case s_req_query_string:
+  case s_req_fragment_start:
+  case s_req_fragment:
+    url_mark = data;
+    break;
+  case s_res_status:
+    status_mark = data;
+    break;
+  }
 
-        void* middleware_context{};
-        boost::asio::io_service* io_service{};
+  for (p=data; p != data + len; p++) {
+    ch = *p;
 
-        request()
-            : method(HTTPMethod::Get)
-        {
-        }
+    if (CROW_PARSING_HEADER(parser->state)) {
+      ++parser->nread;
+      /* Don't allow the total size of the HTTP headers (including the status
+       * line) to exceed CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE.  This check is here to protect
+       * embedders against denial-of-service attacks where the attacker feeds
+       * us a never-ending header that the embedder keeps buffering.
+       *
+       * This check is arguably the responsibility of embedders but we're doing
+       * it on the embedder's behalf because most won't bother and this way we
+       * make the web a little safer.  CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE is still far bigger
+       * than any reasonable request or response so this should never affect
+       * day-to-day operation.
+       */
+      if (parser->nread > (CROW_HTTP_MAX_HEADER_SIZE)) {
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_HEADER_OVERFLOW);
+        goto error;
+      }
+    }
 
-        request(HTTPMethod method, std::string raw_url, std::string url, query_string url_params, ci_map headers, std::string body)
-            : method(method), raw_url(std::move(raw_url)), url(std::move(url)), url_params(std::move(url_params)), headers(std::move(headers)), body(std::move(body))
-        {
-        }
+    reexecute_byte:
+    switch (parser->state) {
 
-        void add_header(std::string key, std::string value)
-        {
-            headers.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(value));
-        }
+      case s_dead:
+        /* this state is used after a 'Connection: close' message
+         * the parser will error out if it reads another message
+         */
+        if (ch == CROW_CR || ch == CROW_LF)
+          break;
 
-        const std::string& get_header_value(const std::string& key) const
-        {
-            return crow::get_header_value(headers, key);
-        }
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CLOSED_CONNECTION);
+        goto error;
 
-        template<typename CompletionHandler>
-        void post(CompletionHandler handler)
-        {
-            io_service->post(handler);
+      case s_start_req_or_res:
+      {
+        if (ch == CROW_CR || ch == CROW_LF)
+          break;
+        parser->flags = 0;
+        parser->content_length = CROW_ULLONG_MAX;
+
+        if (ch == 'H') {
+          parser->state = s_res_or_resp_H;
+
+          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_begin);
+        } else {
+          parser->type = HTTP_REQUEST;
+          parser->state = s_start_req;
+          goto reexecute_byte;
         }
 
-        template<typename CompletionHandler>
-        void dispatch(CompletionHandler handler)
-        {
-            io_service->dispatch(handler);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_res_or_resp_H:
+        if (ch == 'T') {
+          parser->type = HTTP_RESPONSE;
+          parser->state = s_res_HT;
+        } else {
+          if (ch != 'E') {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONSTANT);
+            goto error;
+          }
+
+          parser->type = HTTP_REQUEST;
+          parser->method = HTTP_HEAD;
+          parser->index = 2;
+          parser->state = s_req_method;
         }
+        break;
 
-    };
-}
+      case s_start_res:
+      {
+        parser->flags = 0;
+        parser->content_length = CROW_ULLONG_MAX;
 
+        switch (ch) {
+          case 'H':
+            parser->state = s_res_H;
+            break;
 
+          case CROW_CR:
+          case CROW_LF:
+            break;
 
-#pragma once
+          default:
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONSTANT);
+            goto error;
+        }
 
-#include <string>
-#include <unordered_map>
-#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
-#include <boost/tokenizer.hpp>
-#include <algorithm>
+        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_begin);
+        break;
+      }
 
+      case s_res_H:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
+        parser->state = s_res_HT;
+        break;
 
+      case s_res_HT:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
+        parser->state = s_res_HTT;
+        break;
 
+      case s_res_HTT:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'P');
+        parser->state = s_res_HTTP;
+        break;
 
+      case s_res_HTTP:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != '/');
+        parser->state = s_res_first_http_major;
+        break;
 
+      case s_res_first_http_major:
+        if (ch < '0' || ch > '9') {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    template <typename Handler>
-    struct HTTPParser : public http_parser
-    {
-        static int on_message_begin(http_parser* self_)
-        {
-            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
-            self->clear();
-            return 0;
+        parser->http_major = ch - '0';
+        parser->state = s_res_http_major;
+        break;
+
+      /* major HTTP version or dot */
+      case s_res_http_major:
+      {
+        if (ch == '.') {
+          parser->state = s_res_first_http_minor;
+          break;
         }
-        static int on_url(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
-        {
-            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
-            self->raw_url.insert(self->raw_url.end(), at, at+length);
-            return 0;
+
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
         }
-        static int on_header_field(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
-        {
-            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
-            switch (self->header_building_state)
-            {
-                case 0:
-                    if (!self->header_value.empty())
-                    {
-                        self->headers.emplace(std::move(self->header_field), std::move(self->header_value));
-                    }
-                    self->header_field.assign(at, at+length);
-                    self->header_building_state = 1;
-                    break;
-                case 1:
-                    self->header_field.insert(self->header_field.end(), at, at+length);
-                    break;
-            }
-            return 0;
+
+        parser->http_major *= 10;
+        parser->http_major += ch - '0';
+
+        if (parser->http_major > 999) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
         }
-        static int on_header_value(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
-        {
-            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
-            switch (self->header_building_state)
-            {
-                case 0:
-                    self->header_value.insert(self->header_value.end(), at, at+length);
-                    break;
-                case 1:
-                    self->header_building_state = 0;
-                    self->header_value.assign(at, at+length);
-                    break;
-            }
-            return 0;
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* first digit of minor HTTP version */
+      case s_res_first_http_minor:
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
         }
-        static int on_headers_complete(http_parser* self_)
-        {
-            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
-            if (!self->header_field.empty())
-            {
-                self->headers.emplace(std::move(self->header_field), std::move(self->header_value));
-            }
-            self->process_header();
-            return 0;
+
+        parser->http_minor = ch - '0';
+        parser->state = s_res_http_minor;
+        break;
+
+      /* minor HTTP version or end of request line */
+      case s_res_http_minor:
+      {
+        if (ch == ' ') {
+          parser->state = s_res_first_status_code;
+          break;
         }
-        static int on_body(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
-        {
-            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
-            self->body.insert(self->body.end(), at, at+length);
-            return 0;
+
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
         }
-        static int on_message_complete(http_parser* self_)
-        {
-            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
 
-            // url params
-            self->url = self->raw_url.substr(0, self->raw_url.find("?"));
-            self->url_params = query_string(self->raw_url);
+        parser->http_minor *= 10;
+        parser->http_minor += ch - '0';
 
-            self->process_message();
-            return 0;
+        if (parser->http_minor > 999) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
         }
-        HTTPParser(Handler* handler) :
-            handler_(handler)
-        {
-            http_parser_init(this, HTTP_REQUEST);
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_res_first_status_code:
+      {
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          if (ch == ' ') {
+            break;
+          }
+
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_STATUS);
+          goto error;
         }
+        parser->status_code = ch - '0';
+        parser->state = s_res_status_code;
+        break;
+      }
 
-        // return false on error
-        bool feed(const char* buffer, int length)
-        {
-            const static http_parser_settings settings_{
-                on_message_begin,
-                on_url,
-                nullptr,
-                on_header_field,
-                on_header_value,
-                on_headers_complete,
-                on_body,
-                on_message_complete,
-            };
+      case s_res_status_code:
+      {
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          switch (ch) {
+            case ' ':
+              parser->state = s_res_status_start;
+              break;
+            case CROW_CR:
+              parser->state = s_res_line_almost_done;
+              break;
+            case CROW_LF:
+              parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+              break;
+            default:
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_STATUS);
+              goto error;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
 
-            int nparsed = http_parser_execute(this, &settings_, buffer, length);
-            return nparsed == length;
+        parser->status_code *= 10;
+        parser->status_code += ch - '0';
+
+        if (parser->status_code > 999) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_STATUS);
+          goto error;
         }
 
-        bool done()
-        {
-            return feed(nullptr, 0);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_res_status_start:
+      {
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_res_line_almost_done;
+          break;
         }
 
-        void clear()
-        {
-            url.clear();
-            raw_url.clear();
-            header_building_state = 0;
-            header_field.clear();
-            header_value.clear();
-            headers.clear();
-            url_params.clear();
-            body.clear();
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+          break;
         }
 
-        void process_header()
-        {
-            handler_->handle_header();
+        CROW_MARK(status);
+        parser->state = s_res_status;
+        parser->index = 0;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_res_status:
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_res_line_almost_done;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(status);
+          break;
         }
 
-        void process_message()
-        {
-            handler_->handle();
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(status);
+          break;
         }
 
-        request to_request() const
-        {
-            return request{(HTTPMethod)method, std::move(raw_url), std::move(url), std::move(url_params), std::move(headers), std::move(body)};
+        break;
+
+      case s_res_line_almost_done:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+        parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+        break;
+
+      case s_start_req:
+      {
+        if (ch == CROW_CR || ch == CROW_LF)
+          break;
+        parser->flags = 0;
+        parser->content_length = CROW_ULLONG_MAX;
+
+        if (!CROW_IS_ALPHA(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+          goto error;
         }
 
-		bool is_upgrade() const
-		{
-			return upgrade;
-		}
+        parser->method = (enum http_method) 0;
+        parser->index = 1;
+        switch (ch) {
+          case 'C': parser->method = HTTP_CONNECT; /* or COPY, CHECKOUT */ break;
+          case 'D': parser->method = HTTP_DELETE; break;
+          case 'G': parser->method = HTTP_GET; break;
+          case 'H': parser->method = HTTP_HEAD; break;
+          case 'L': parser->method = HTTP_LOCK; break;
+          case 'M': parser->method = HTTP_MKCOL; /* or MOVE, MKACTIVITY, MERGE, M-SEARCH, MKCALENDAR */ break;
+          case 'N': parser->method = HTTP_NOTIFY; break;
+          case 'O': parser->method = HTTP_OPTIONS; break;
+          case 'P': parser->method = HTTP_POST;
+            /* or PROPFIND|PROPPATCH|PUT|PATCH|PURGE */
+            break;
+          case 'R': parser->method = HTTP_REPORT; break;
+          case 'S': parser->method = HTTP_SUBSCRIBE; /* or SEARCH */ break;
+          case 'T': parser->method = HTTP_TRACE; break;
+          case 'U': parser->method = HTTP_UNLOCK; /* or UNSUBSCRIBE */ break;
+          default:
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        parser->state = s_req_method;
 
-        bool check_version(int major, int minor) const
-        {
-            return http_major == major && http_minor == minor;
+        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_begin);
+
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_req_method:
+      {
+        const char *matcher;
+        if (ch == '\0') {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+          goto error;
         }
 
-        std::string raw_url;
-        std::string url;
+        matcher = method_strings[parser->method];
+        if (ch == ' ' && matcher[parser->index] == '\0') {
+          parser->state = s_req_spaces_before_url;
+        } else if (ch == matcher[parser->index]) {
+          ; /* nada */
+        } else if (parser->method == HTTP_CONNECT) {
+          if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'H') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_CHECKOUT;
+          } else if (parser->index == 2  && ch == 'P') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_COPY;
+          } else {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+          }
+        } else if (parser->method == HTTP_MKCOL) {
+          if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'O') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_MOVE;
+          } else if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'E') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_MERGE;
+          } else if (parser->index == 1 && ch == '-') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_MSEARCH;
+          } else if (parser->index == 2 && ch == 'A') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_MKACTIVITY;
+          } else if (parser->index == 3 && ch == 'A') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_MKCALENDAR;
+          } else {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+          }
+        } else if (parser->method == HTTP_SUBSCRIBE) {
+          if (parser->index == 1 && ch == 'E') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_SEARCH;
+          } else {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+          }
+        } else if (parser->index == 1 && parser->method == HTTP_POST) {
+          if (ch == 'R') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_PROPFIND; /* or HTTP_PROPPATCH */
+          } else if (ch == 'U') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_PUT; /* or HTTP_PURGE */
+          } else if (ch == 'A') {
+            parser->method = HTTP_PATCH;
+          } else {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+          }
+        } else if (parser->index == 2) {
+          if (parser->method == HTTP_PUT) {
+            if (ch == 'R') {
+              parser->method = HTTP_PURGE;
+            } else {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+              goto error;
+            }
+          } else if (parser->method == HTTP_UNLOCK) {
+            if (ch == 'S') {
+              parser->method = HTTP_UNSUBSCRIBE;
+            } else {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+              goto error;
+            }
+          } else {
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+            goto error;
+          }
+        } else if (parser->index == 4 && parser->method == HTTP_PROPFIND && ch == 'P') {
+          parser->method = HTTP_PROPPATCH;
+        } else {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_METHOD);
+          goto error;
+        }
 
-        int header_building_state = 0;
-        std::string header_field;
-        std::string header_value;
-        ci_map headers;
-        query_string url_params;
-        std::string body;
+        ++parser->index;
+        break;
+      }
 
-        Handler* handler_;
-    };
-}
+      case s_req_spaces_before_url:
+      {
+        if (ch == ' ') break;
 
+        CROW_MARK(url);
+        if (parser->method == HTTP_CONNECT) {
+          parser->state = s_req_server_start;
+        }
 
+        parser->state = parse_url_char((enum state)parser->state, ch);
+        if (parser->state == s_dead) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
+          goto error;
+        }
 
-#pragma once
-#include <string>
-#include <unordered_map>
+        break;
+      }
 
+      case s_req_schema:
+      case s_req_schema_slash:
+      case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
+      case s_req_server_start:
+      {
+        switch (ch) {
+          /* No whitespace allowed here */
+          case ' ':
+          case CROW_CR:
+          case CROW_LF:
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
+            goto error;
+          default:
+            parser->state = parse_url_char((enum state)parser->state, ch);
+            if (parser->state == s_dead) {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
+              goto error;
+            }
+        }
 
+        break;
+      }
 
+      case s_req_server:
+      case s_req_server_with_at:
+      case s_req_path:
+      case s_req_query_string_start:
+      case s_req_query_string:
+      case s_req_fragment_start:
+      case s_req_fragment:
+      {
+        switch (ch) {
+          case ' ':
+            parser->state = s_req_http_start;
+            CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(url);
+            break;
+          case CROW_CR:
+          case CROW_LF:
+            parser->http_major = 0;
+            parser->http_minor = 9;
+            parser->state = (ch == CROW_CR) ?
+              s_req_line_almost_done :
+              s_header_field_start;
+            CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(url);
+            break;
+          default:
+            parser->state = parse_url_char((enum state)parser->state, ch);
+            if (parser->state == s_dead) {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_URL);
+              goto error;
+            }
+        }
+        break;
+      }
 
+      case s_req_http_start:
+        switch (ch) {
+          case 'H':
+            parser->state = s_req_http_H;
+            break;
+          case ' ':
+            break;
+          default:
+            CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONSTANT);
+            goto error;
+        }
+        break;
 
+      case s_req_http_H:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
+        parser->state = s_req_http_HT;
+        break;
 
+      case s_req_http_HT:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'T');
+        parser->state = s_req_http_HTT;
+        break;
 
+      case s_req_http_HTT:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != 'P');
+        parser->state = s_req_http_HTTP;
+        break;
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    template <typename Adaptor, typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
-    class Connection;
-    struct response
-    {
-        template <typename Adaptor, typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
-        friend class crow::Connection;
+      case s_req_http_HTTP:
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != '/');
+        parser->state = s_req_first_http_major;
+        break;
 
-        int code{200};
-        std::string body;
-        json::wvalue json_value;
+      /* first digit of major HTTP version */
+      case s_req_first_http_major:
+        if (ch < '1' || ch > '9') {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
+        }
 
-        // `headers' stores HTTP headers.
-        ci_map headers;
+        parser->http_major = ch - '0';
+        parser->state = s_req_http_major;
+        break;
 
-        void set_header(std::string key, std::string value)
-        {
-            headers.erase(key);
-            headers.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(value));
+      /* major HTTP version or dot */
+      case s_req_http_major:
+      {
+        if (ch == '.') {
+          parser->state = s_req_first_http_minor;
+          break;
         }
-        void add_header(std::string key, std::string value)
-        {
-            headers.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(value));
+
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
         }
 
-        const std::string& get_header_value(const std::string& key)
-        {
-            return crow::get_header_value(headers, key);
+        parser->http_major *= 10;
+        parser->http_major += ch - '0';
+
+        if (parser->http_major > 999) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
         }
 
+        break;
+      }
 
-        response() {}
-        explicit response(int code) : code(code) {}
-        response(std::string body) : body(std::move(body)) {}
-        response(json::wvalue&& json_value) : json_value(std::move(json_value))
-        {
-            json_mode();
+      /* first digit of minor HTTP version */
+      case s_req_first_http_minor:
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
         }
-        response(int code, std::string body) : code(code), body(std::move(body)) {}
-        response(const json::wvalue& json_value) : body(json::dump(json_value))
-        {
-            json_mode();
+
+        parser->http_minor = ch - '0';
+        parser->state = s_req_http_minor;
+        break;
+
+      /* minor HTTP version or end of request line */
+      case s_req_http_minor:
+      {
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_req_line_almost_done;
+          break;
         }
-        response(int code, const json::wvalue& json_value) : code(code), body(json::dump(json_value))
-        {
-            json_mode();
+
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+          break;
         }
 
-        response(response&& r)
-        {
-            *this = std::move(r);
+        /* XXX allow spaces after digit? */
+
+        if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
         }
 
-        response& operator = (const response& r) = delete;
+        parser->http_minor *= 10;
+        parser->http_minor += ch - '0';
 
-        response& operator = (response&& r) noexcept
-        {
-            body = std::move(r.body);
-            json_value = std::move(r.json_value);
-            code = r.code;
-            headers = std::move(r.headers);
-            completed_ = r.completed_;
-            return *this;
+        if (parser->http_minor > 999) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_VERSION);
+          goto error;
         }
 
-        bool is_completed() const noexcept
-        {
-            return completed_;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* end of request line */
+      case s_req_line_almost_done:
+      {
+        if (ch != CROW_LF) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_LF_EXPECTED);
+          goto error;
         }
 
-        void clear()
-        {
-            body.clear();
-            json_value.clear();
-            code = 200;
-            headers.clear();
-            completed_ = false;
+        parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_field_start:
+      {
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_headers_almost_done;
+          break;
         }
 
-        void write(const std::string& body_part)
-        {
-            body += body_part;
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          /* they might be just sending \n instead of \r\n so this would be
+           * the second \n to denote the end of headers*/
+          parser->state = s_headers_almost_done;
+          goto reexecute_byte;
         }
 
-        void end()
-        {
-            if (!completed_)
-            {
-                completed_ = true;
+        c = CROW_TOKEN(ch);
 
-                if (complete_request_handler_)
-                {
-                    complete_request_handler_();
-                }
-            }
+        if (!c) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN);
+          goto error;
         }
 
-        void end(const std::string& body_part)
-        {
-            body += body_part;
-            end();
-        }
+        CROW_MARK(header_field);
 
-        bool is_alive()
-        {
-            return is_alive_helper_ && is_alive_helper_();
+        parser->index = 0;
+        parser->state = s_header_field;
+
+        switch (c) {
+          case 'c':
+            parser->header_state = h_C;
+            break;
+
+          case 'p':
+            parser->header_state = h_matching_proxy_connection;
+            break;
+
+          case 't':
+            parser->header_state = h_matching_transfer_encoding;
+            break;
+
+          case 'u':
+            parser->header_state = h_matching_upgrade;
+            break;
+
+          default:
+            parser->header_state = h_general;
+            break;
         }
+        break;
+      }
 
-        private:
-            bool completed_{};
-            std::function<void()> complete_request_handler_;
-            std::function<bool()> is_alive_helper_;
+      case s_header_field:
+      {
+        c = CROW_TOKEN(ch);
 
-            //In case of a JSON object, set the Content-Type header
-            void json_mode()
-            {
-                set_header("Content-Type", "application/json");
-            }
-    };
-}
+        if (c) {
+          switch (parser->header_state) {
+            case h_general:
+              break;
 
+            case h_C:
+              parser->index++;
+              parser->header_state = (c == 'o' ? h_CO : h_general);
+              break;
 
+            case h_CO:
+              parser->index++;
+              parser->header_state = (c == 'n' ? h_CON : h_general);
+              break;
 
-#pragma once
+            case h_CON:
+              parser->index++;
+              switch (c) {
+                case 'n':
+                  parser->header_state = h_matching_connection;
+                  break;
+                case 't':
+                  parser->header_state = h_matching_content_length;
+                  break;
+                default:
+                  parser->header_state = h_general;
+                  break;
+              }
+              break;
 
+            /* connection */
 
+            case h_matching_connection:
+              parser->index++;
+              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CONNECTION)-1
+                  || c != CROW_CONNECTION[parser->index]) {
+                parser->header_state = h_general;
+              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CONNECTION)-2) {
+                parser->header_state = h_connection;
+              }
+              break;
 
+            /* proxy-connection */
 
+            case h_matching_proxy_connection:
+              parser->index++;
+              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION)-1
+                  || c != CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION[parser->index]) {
+                parser->header_state = h_general;
+              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION)-2) {
+                parser->header_state = h_connection;
+              }
+              break;
 
+            /* content-length */
 
+            case h_matching_content_length:
+              parser->index++;
+              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH)-1
+                  || c != CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH[parser->index]) {
+                parser->header_state = h_general;
+              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH)-2) {
+                parser->header_state = h_content_length;
+              }
+              break;
 
+            /* transfer-encoding */
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    namespace detail
-    {
-        template <typename ... Middlewares>
-        struct partial_context
-            : public black_magic::pop_back<Middlewares...>::template rebind<partial_context>
-            , public black_magic::last_element_type<Middlewares...>::type::context
-        {
-            using parent_context = typename black_magic::pop_back<Middlewares...>::template rebind<::crow::detail::partial_context>;
-            template <int N>
-            using partial = typename std::conditional<N == sizeof...(Middlewares)-1, partial_context, typename parent_context::template partial<N>>::type;
+            case h_matching_transfer_encoding:
+              parser->index++;
+              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING)-1
+                  || c != CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING[parser->index]) {
+                parser->header_state = h_general;
+              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING)-2) {
+                parser->header_state = h_transfer_encoding;
+              }
+              break;
 
-            template <typename T> 
-            typename T::context& get()
-            {
-                return static_cast<typename T::context&>(*this);
-            }
-        };
+            /* upgrade */
 
-        template <>
-        struct partial_context<>
-        {
-            template <int>
-            using partial = partial_context;
-        };
+            case h_matching_upgrade:
+              parser->index++;
+              if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_UPGRADE)-1
+                  || c != CROW_UPGRADE[parser->index]) {
+                parser->header_state = h_general;
+              } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_UPGRADE)-2) {
+                parser->header_state = h_upgrade;
+              }
+              break;
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares>
-        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx);
+            case h_connection:
+            case h_content_length:
+            case h_transfer_encoding:
+            case h_upgrade:
+              if (ch != ' ') parser->header_state = h_general;
+              break;
 
-        template <typename ... Middlewares>
-        struct context : private partial_context<Middlewares...>
-        //struct context : private Middlewares::context... // simple but less type-safe
-        {
-            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-            friend typename std::enable_if<(N==0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res);
-            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-            friend typename std::enable_if<(N>0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res);
+            default:
+              assert(0 && "Unknown header_state");
+              break;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
 
-            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares2>
-            friend bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx);
+        if (ch == ':') {
+          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_ws;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_field);
+          break;
+        }
 
-            template <typename T> 
-            typename T::context& get()
-            {
-                return static_cast<typename T::context&>(*this);
-            }
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_header_almost_done;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_field);
+          break;
+        }
 
-            template <int N>
-            using partial = typename partial_context<Middlewares...>::template partial<N>;
-        };
-    }
-}
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_field);
+          break;
+        }
 
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_HEADER_TOKEN);
+        goto error;
+      }
 
+      case s_header_value_discard_ws:
+        if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t') break;
 
-#pragma once
-#include <boost/asio.hpp>
-#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
-#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
-#include <boost/array.hpp>
-#include <atomic>
-#include <chrono>
-#include <vector>
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done;
+          break;
+        }
 
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_lws;
+          break;
+        }
 
+        /* FALLTHROUGH */
 
+      case s_header_value_start:
+      {
+        CROW_MARK(header_value);
 
+        parser->state = s_header_value;
+        parser->index = 0;
 
+        c = CROW_LOWER(ch);
 
+        switch (parser->header_state) {
+          case h_upgrade:
+            parser->flags |= F_UPGRADE;
+            parser->header_state = h_general;
+            break;
 
+          case h_transfer_encoding:
+            /* looking for 'Transfer-Encoding: chunked' */
+            if ('c' == c) {
+              parser->header_state = h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked;
+            } else {
+              parser->header_state = h_general;
+            }
+            break;
 
+          case h_content_length:
+            if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+              goto error;
+            }
 
+            parser->content_length = ch - '0';
+            break;
 
+          case h_connection:
+            /* looking for 'Connection: keep-alive' */
+            if (c == 'k') {
+              parser->header_state = h_matching_connection_keep_alive;
+            /* looking for 'Connection: close' */
+            } else if (c == 'c') {
+              parser->header_state = h_matching_connection_close;
+            } else {
+              parser->header_state = h_general;
+            }
+            break;
 
+          default:
+            parser->header_state = h_general;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
 
+      case s_header_value:
+      {
 
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_header_almost_done;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(header_value);
+          break;
+        }
 
+        if (ch == CROW_LF) {
+          parser->state = s_header_almost_done;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_value);
+          goto reexecute_byte;
+        }
 
+        c = CROW_LOWER(ch);
 
+        switch (parser->header_state) {
+          case h_general:
+            break;
 
+          case h_connection:
+          case h_transfer_encoding:
+            assert(0 && "Shouldn't get here.");
+            break;
 
+          case h_content_length:
+          {
+            uint64_t t;
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    using namespace boost;
-    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
+            if (ch == ' ') break;
 
-    namespace detail
-    {
-        template <typename MW>
-        struct check_before_handle_arity_3_const
-        {
-            template <typename T,
-                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) const = &T::before_handle
-            >
-            struct get
-            { };
-        };
+            if (!CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+              goto error;
+            }
 
-        template <typename MW>
-        struct check_before_handle_arity_3
-        {
-            template <typename T,
-                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) = &T::before_handle
-            >
-            struct get
-            { };
-        };
+            t = parser->content_length;
+            t *= 10;
+            t += ch - '0';
 
-        template <typename MW>
-        struct check_after_handle_arity_3_const
-        {
-            template <typename T,
-                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) const = &T::after_handle
-            >
-            struct get
-            { };
-        };
+            /* Overflow? Test against a conservative limit for simplicity. */
+            if ((CROW_ULLONG_MAX - 10) / 10 < parser->content_length) {
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+              goto error;
+            }
 
-        template <typename MW>
-        struct check_after_handle_arity_3
-        {
-            template <typename T,
-                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) = &T::after_handle
-            >
-            struct get
-            { };
-        };
+            parser->content_length = t;
+            break;
+          }
 
-        template <typename T>
-        struct is_before_handle_arity_3_impl
-        {
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::true_type f(typename check_before_handle_arity_3_const<T>::template get<C>*);
+          /* Transfer-Encoding: chunked */
+          case h_matching_transfer_encoding_chunked:
+            parser->index++;
+            if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CHUNKED)-1
+                || c != CROW_CHUNKED[parser->index]) {
+              parser->header_state = h_general;
+            } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CHUNKED)-2) {
+              parser->header_state = h_transfer_encoding_chunked;
+            }
+            break;
 
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::true_type f(typename check_before_handle_arity_3<T>::template get<C>*);
+          /* looking for 'Connection: keep-alive' */
+          case h_matching_connection_keep_alive:
+            parser->index++;
+            if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_KEEP_ALIVE)-1
+                || c != CROW_KEEP_ALIVE[parser->index]) {
+              parser->header_state = h_general;
+            } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_KEEP_ALIVE)-2) {
+              parser->header_state = h_connection_keep_alive;
+            }
+            break;
 
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::false_type f(...);
+          /* looking for 'Connection: close' */
+          case h_matching_connection_close:
+            parser->index++;
+            if (parser->index > sizeof(CROW_CLOSE)-1 || c != CROW_CLOSE[parser->index]) {
+              parser->header_state = h_general;
+            } else if (parser->index == sizeof(CROW_CLOSE)-2) {
+              parser->header_state = h_connection_close;
+            }
+            break;
 
-        public:
-            static const bool value = decltype(f<T>(nullptr))::value;
-        };
+          case h_transfer_encoding_chunked:
+          case h_connection_keep_alive:
+          case h_connection_close:
+            if (ch != ' ') parser->header_state = h_general;
+            break;
 
-        template <typename T>
-        struct is_after_handle_arity_3_impl
-        {
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::true_type f(typename check_after_handle_arity_3_const<T>::template get<C>*);
+          default:
+            parser->state = s_header_value;
+            parser->header_state = h_general;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
 
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::true_type f(typename check_after_handle_arity_3<T>::template get<C>*);
+      case s_header_almost_done:
+      {
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
 
-            template <typename C>
-            static std::false_type f(...);
+        parser->state = s_header_value_lws;
+        break;
+      }
 
-        public:
-            static const bool value = decltype(f<T>(nullptr))::value;
-        };
+      case s_header_value_lws:
+      {
+        if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t') {
+          parser->state = s_header_value_start;
+          goto reexecute_byte;
+        }
 
-        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
-        typename std::enable_if<!is_before_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
-        before_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
-        {
-            mw.before_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>(), ctx);
+        /* finished the header */
+        switch (parser->header_state) {
+          case h_connection_keep_alive:
+            parser->flags |= F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE;
+            break;
+          case h_connection_close:
+            parser->flags |= F_CONNECTION_CLOSE;
+            break;
+          case h_transfer_encoding_chunked:
+            parser->flags |= F_CHUNKED;
+            break;
+          default:
+            break;
         }
 
-        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
-        typename std::enable_if<is_before_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
-        before_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
-        {
-            mw.before_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>());
+        parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+        goto reexecute_byte;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_value_discard_ws_almost_done:
+      {
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+        parser->state = s_header_value_discard_lws;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_header_value_discard_lws:
+      {
+        if (ch == ' ' || ch == '\t') {
+          parser->state = s_header_value_discard_ws;
+          break;
+        } else {
+          /* header value was empty */
+          CROW_MARK(header_value);
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_value);
+          goto reexecute_byte;
         }
+      }
 
-        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
-        typename std::enable_if<!is_after_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
-        after_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
-        {
-            mw.after_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>(), ctx);
+      case s_headers_almost_done:
+      {
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+
+        if (parser->flags & F_TRAILING) {
+          /* End of a chunked request */
+          parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+          break;
         }
 
-        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
-        typename std::enable_if<is_after_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
-        after_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
-        {
-            mw.after_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>());
+        parser->state = s_headers_done;
+
+        /* Set this here so that on_headers_complete() callbacks can see it */
+        parser->upgrade =
+          (parser->flags & F_UPGRADE || parser->method == HTTP_CONNECT);
+
+        /* Here we call the headers_complete callback. This is somewhat
+         * different than other callbacks because if the user returns 1, we
+         * will interpret that as saying that this message has no body. This
+         * is needed for the annoying case of recieving a response to a HEAD
+         * request.
+         *
+         * We'd like to use CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE() here but we cannot, so
+         * we have to simulate it by handling a change in errno below.
+         */
+        if (settings->on_headers_complete) {
+          switch (settings->on_headers_complete(parser)) {
+            case 0:
+              break;
+
+            case 1:
+              parser->flags |= F_SKIPBODY;
+              break;
+
+            default:
+              CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_CB_headers_complete);
+              return p - data; /* Error */
+          }
         }
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares>
-        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx)
-        {
-            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
-            before_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+        if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) != HPE_OK) {
+          return p - data;
+        }
 
-            if (res.is_completed())
-            {
-                after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
-                return true;
-            }
+        goto reexecute_byte;
+      }
 
-            if (middleware_call_helper<N+1, Context, Container, Middlewares...>(middlewares, req, res, ctx))
-            {
-                after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
-                return true;
-            }
+      case s_headers_done:
+      {
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
 
-            return false;
+        parser->nread = 0;
+
+        /* Exit, the rest of the connect is in a different protocol. */
+        if (parser->upgrade) {
+          parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+          return (p - data) + 1;
         }
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& /*middlewares*/, request& /*req*/, response& /*res*/, Context& /*ctx*/)
-        {
-            return false;
+        if (parser->flags & F_SKIPBODY) {
+          parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+          CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+        } else if (parser->flags & F_CHUNKED) {
+          /* chunked encoding - ignore Content-Length header */
+          parser->state = s_chunk_size_start;
+        } else {
+          if (parser->content_length == 0) {
+            /* Content-Length header given but zero: Content-Length: 0\r\n */
+            parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+            CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+          } else if (parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX) {
+            /* Content-Length header given and non-zero */
+            parser->state = s_body_identity;
+          } else {
+            if (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST ||
+                !http_message_needs_eof(parser)) {
+              /* Assume content-length 0 - read the next */
+              parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+              CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+            } else {
+              /* Read body until EOF */
+              parser->state = s_body_identity_eof;
+            }
+          }
         }
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-        typename std::enable_if<(N<0)>::type 
-        after_handlers_call_helper(Container& /*middlewares*/, Context& /*context*/, request& /*req*/, response& /*res*/)
-        {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_body_identity:
+      {
+        uint64_t to_read = CROW_MIN(parser->content_length,
+                               (uint64_t) ((data + len) - p));
+
+        assert(parser->content_length != 0
+            && parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX);
+
+        /* The difference between advancing content_length and p is because
+         * the latter will automaticaly advance on the next loop iteration.
+         * Further, if content_length ends up at 0, we want to see the last
+         * byte again for our message complete callback.
+         */
+        CROW_MARK(body);
+        parser->content_length -= to_read;
+        p += to_read - 1;
+
+        if (parser->content_length == 0) {
+          parser->state = s_message_done;
+
+          /* Mimic CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE() but with one extra byte.
+           *
+           * The alternative to doing this is to wait for the next byte to
+           * trigger the data callback, just as in every other case. The
+           * problem with this is that this makes it difficult for the test
+           * harness to distinguish between complete-on-EOF and
+           * complete-on-length. It's not clear that this distinction is
+           * important for applications, but let's keep it for now.
+           */
+          CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_(body, p - body_mark + 1, p - data);
+          goto reexecute_byte;
         }
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-        typename std::enable_if<(N==0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res)
-        {
-            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
-            using CurrentMW = typename std::tuple_element<N, typename std::remove_reference<Container>::type>::type;
-            after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+        break;
+      }
+
+      /* read until EOF */
+      case s_body_identity_eof:
+        CROW_MARK(body);
+        p = data + len - 1;
+
+        break;
+
+      case s_message_done:
+        parser->state = CROW_NEW_MESSAGE();
+        CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY(message_complete);
+        break;
+
+      case s_chunk_size_start:
+      {
+        assert(parser->nread == 1);
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+
+        unhex_val = unhex[(unsigned char)ch];
+        if (unhex_val == -1) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE);
+          goto error;
         }
 
-        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
-        typename std::enable_if<(N>0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res)
-        {
-            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
-            using CurrentMW = typename std::tuple_element<N, typename std::remove_reference<Container>::type>::type;
-            after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
-            after_handlers_call_helper<N-1, Context, Container>(middlewares, ctx, req, res);
+        parser->content_length = unhex_val;
+        parser->state = s_chunk_size;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_chunk_size:
+      {
+        uint64_t t;
+
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_chunk_size_almost_done;
+          break;
         }
-    }
 
-#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
-    static int connectionCount;
-#endif
-    template <typename Adaptor, typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
-    class Connection
-    {
-    public:
-        Connection(
-            boost::asio::io_service& io_service, 
-            Handler* handler, 
-            const std::string& server_name,
-            std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares,
-            std::function<std::string()>& get_cached_date_str_f,
-            detail::dumb_timer_queue& timer_queue,
-            typename Adaptor::context* adaptor_ctx_
-            ) 
-            : adaptor_(io_service, adaptor_ctx_), 
-            handler_(handler), 
-            parser_(this), 
-            server_name_(server_name),
-            middlewares_(middlewares),
-            get_cached_date_str(get_cached_date_str_f),
-            timer_queue(timer_queue)
-        {
-#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
-            connectionCount ++;
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Connection open, total " << connectionCount << ", " << this;
-#endif
+        unhex_val = unhex[(unsigned char)ch];
+
+        if (unhex_val == -1) {
+          if (ch == ';' || ch == ' ') {
+            parser->state = s_chunk_parameters;
+            break;
+          }
+
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CHUNK_SIZE);
+          goto error;
         }
-        
-        ~Connection()
-        {
-            res.complete_request_handler_ = nullptr;
-            cancel_deadline_timer();
-#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
-            connectionCount --;
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Connection closed, total " << connectionCount << ", " << this;
-#endif
+
+        t = parser->content_length;
+        t *= 16;
+        t += unhex_val;
+
+        /* Overflow? Test against a conservative limit for simplicity. */
+        if ((CROW_ULLONG_MAX - 16) / 16 < parser->content_length) {
+          CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_CONTENT_LENGTH);
+          goto error;
         }
 
-        decltype(std::declval<Adaptor>().raw_socket())& socket()
-        {
-            return adaptor_.raw_socket();
+        parser->content_length = t;
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case s_chunk_parameters:
+      {
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+        /* just ignore this shit. TODO check for overflow */
+        if (ch == CROW_CR) {
+          parser->state = s_chunk_size_almost_done;
+          break;
         }
+        break;
+      }
 
-        void start()
-        {
-            adaptor_.start([this](const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
-                if (!ec)
-                {
-                    start_deadline();
+      case s_chunk_size_almost_done:
+      {
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
 
-                    do_read();
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    check_destroy();
-                }
-            });
+        parser->nread = 0;
+
+        if (parser->content_length == 0) {
+          parser->flags |= F_TRAILING;
+          parser->state = s_header_field_start;
+        } else {
+          parser->state = s_chunk_data;
         }
+        break;
+      }
 
-        void handle_header()
-        {
-            // HTTP 1.1 Expect: 100-continue
-            if (parser_.check_version(1, 1) && parser_.headers.count("expect") && get_header_value(parser_.headers, "expect") == "100-continue")
-            {
-                buffers_.clear();
-                static std::string expect_100_continue = "HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n";
-                buffers_.emplace_back(expect_100_continue.data(), expect_100_continue.size());
-                do_write();
-            }
+      case s_chunk_data:
+      {
+        uint64_t to_read = CROW_MIN(parser->content_length,
+                               (uint64_t) ((data + len) - p));
+
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+        assert(parser->content_length != 0
+            && parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX);
+
+        /* See the explanation in s_body_identity for why the content
+         * length and data pointers are managed this way.
+         */
+        CROW_MARK(body);
+        parser->content_length -= to_read;
+        p += to_read - 1;
+
+        if (parser->content_length == 0) {
+          parser->state = s_chunk_data_almost_done;
         }
 
-        void handle()
-        {
-            cancel_deadline_timer();
-            bool is_invalid_request = false;
-            add_keep_alive_ = false;
+        break;
+      }
 
-            req_ = std::move(parser_.to_request());
-            request& req = req_;
+      case s_chunk_data_almost_done:
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+        assert(parser->content_length == 0);
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_CR);
+        parser->state = s_chunk_data_done;
+        CROW_CALLBACK_DATA(body);
+        break;
 
-            if (parser_.check_version(1, 0))
-            {
-                // HTTP/1.0
-                if (req.headers.count("connection"))
-                {
-                    if (boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("connection"),"Keep-Alive"))
-                        add_keep_alive_ = true;
-                }
-                else
-                    close_connection_ = true;
-            }
-            else if (parser_.check_version(1, 1))
-            {
-                // HTTP/1.1
-                if (req.headers.count("connection"))
-                {
-                    if (req.get_header_value("connection") == "close")
-                        close_connection_ = true;
-                    else if (boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("connection"),"Keep-Alive"))
-                        add_keep_alive_ = true;
-                }
-                if (!req.headers.count("host"))
-                {
-                    is_invalid_request = true;
-                    res = response(400);
-                }
-				if (parser_.is_upgrade())
-				{
-					if (req.get_header_value("upgrade") == "h2c")
-					{
-						// TODO HTTP/2
-                        // currently, ignore upgrade header
-					}
-                    else
-                    {
-                        close_connection_ = true;
-                        handler_->handle_upgrade(req, res, std::move(adaptor_));
-                        return;
-                    }
-				}
-            }
+      case s_chunk_data_done:
+        assert(parser->flags & F_CHUNKED);
+        CROW_STRICT_CHECK(ch != CROW_LF);
+        parser->nread = 0;
+        parser->state = s_chunk_size_start;
+        break;
 
-            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Request: " << boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(adaptor_.remote_endpoint()) << " " << this << " HTTP/" << parser_.http_major << "." << parser_.http_minor << ' '
-             << method_name(req.method) << " " << req.url;
+      default:
+        assert(0 && "unhandled state");
+        CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_INVALID_INTERNAL_STATE);
+        goto error;
+    }
+  }
 
+  /* Run callbacks for any marks that we have leftover after we ran our of
+   * bytes. There should be at most one of these set, so it's OK to invoke
+   * them in series (unset marks will not result in callbacks).
+   *
+   * We use the NOADVANCE() variety of callbacks here because 'p' has already
+   * overflowed 'data' and this allows us to correct for the off-by-one that
+   * we'd otherwise have (since CROW_CALLBACK_DATA() is meant to be run with a 'p'
+   * value that's in-bounds).
+   */
 
-            need_to_call_after_handlers_ = false;
-            if (!is_invalid_request)
-            {
-                res.complete_request_handler_ = []{};
-                res.is_alive_helper_ = [this]()->bool{ return adaptor_.is_open(); };
+  assert(((header_field_mark ? 1 : 0) +
+          (header_value_mark ? 1 : 0) +
+          (url_mark ? 1 : 0)  +
+          (body_mark ? 1 : 0) +
+          (status_mark ? 1 : 0)) <= 1);
 
-                ctx_ = detail::context<Middlewares...>();
-                req.middleware_context = (void*)&ctx_;
-                req.io_service = &adaptor_.get_io_service();
-                detail::middleware_call_helper<0, decltype(ctx_), decltype(*middlewares_), Middlewares...>(*middlewares_, req, res, ctx_);
+  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_field);
+  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(header_value);
+  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(url);
+  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(body);
+  CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE(status);
 
-                if (!res.completed_)
-                {
-                    res.complete_request_handler_ = [this]{ this->complete_request(); };
-                    need_to_call_after_handlers_ = true;
-                    handler_->handle(req, res);
-                    if (add_keep_alive_)
-                        res.set_header("connection", "Keep-Alive");
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    complete_request();
-                }
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                complete_request();
-            }
-        }
+  return len;
 
-        void complete_request()
-        {
-            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Response: " << this << ' ' << req_.raw_url << ' ' << res.code << ' ' << close_connection_;
+error:
+  if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK) {
+    CROW_SET_ERRNO(HPE_UNKNOWN);
+  }
 
-            if (need_to_call_after_handlers_)
-            {
-                need_to_call_after_handlers_ = false;
+  return (p - data);
+}
 
-                // call all after_handler of middlewares
-                detail::after_handlers_call_helper<
-                    ((int)sizeof...(Middlewares)-1),
-                    decltype(ctx_),
-                    decltype(*middlewares_)> 
-                (*middlewares_, ctx_, req_, res);
-            }
 
-            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
-            res.complete_request_handler_ = nullptr;
-            
-            if (!adaptor_.is_open())
-            {
-                //CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " delete (socket is closed) " << is_reading << ' ' << is_writing;
-                //delete this;
-                return;
-            }
+/* Does the parser need to see an EOF to find the end of the message? */
+inline int
+http_message_needs_eof (const http_parser *parser)
+{
+  if (parser->type == HTTP_REQUEST) {
+    return 0;
+  }
 
-            static std::unordered_map<int, std::string> statusCodes = {
-                {200, "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"},
-                {201, "HTTP/1.1 201 Created\r\n"},
-                {202, "HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted\r\n"},
-                {204, "HTTP/1.1 204 No Content\r\n"},
+  /* See RFC 2616 section 4.4 */
+  if (parser->status_code / 100 == 1 || /* 1xx e.g. Continue */
+      parser->status_code == 204 ||     /* No Content */
+      parser->status_code == 304 ||     /* Not Modified */
+      parser->flags & F_SKIPBODY) {     /* response to a HEAD request */
+    return 0;
+  }
 
-                {300, "HTTP/1.1 300 Multiple Choices\r\n"},
-                {301, "HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n"},
-                {302, "HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily\r\n"},
-                {304, "HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified\r\n"},
+  if ((parser->flags & F_CHUNKED) || parser->content_length != CROW_ULLONG_MAX) {
+    return 0;
+  }
 
-                {400, "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n"},
-                {401, "HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\r\n"},
-                {403, "HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden\r\n"},
-                {404, "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"},
+  return 1;
+}
 
-                {500, "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n"},
-                {501, "HTTP/1.1 501 Not Implemented\r\n"},
-                {502, "HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway\r\n"},
-                {503, "HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable\r\n"},
-            };
 
-            static std::string seperator = ": ";
-            static std::string crlf = "\r\n";
+inline int
+http_should_keep_alive (const http_parser *parser)
+{
+  if (parser->http_major > 0 && parser->http_minor > 0) {
+    /* HTTP/1.1 */
+    if (parser->flags & F_CONNECTION_CLOSE) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* HTTP/1.0 or earlier */
+    if (!(parser->flags & F_CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE)) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
 
-            buffers_.clear();
-            buffers_.reserve(4*(res.headers.size()+5)+3);
+  return !http_message_needs_eof(parser);
+}
 
-            if (res.body.empty() && res.json_value.t() == json::type::Object)
-            {
-                res.body = json::dump(res.json_value);
-            }
 
-            if (!statusCodes.count(res.code))
-                res.code = 500;
-            {
-                auto& status = statusCodes.find(res.code)->second;
-                buffers_.emplace_back(status.data(), status.size());
-            }
+inline const char *
+http_method_str (enum http_method m)
+{
+static const char *method_strings[] =
+  {
+#define CROW_XX(num, name, string) #string,
+  CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP(CROW_XX)
+#undef CROW_XX
+  };
+  return CROW_ELEM_AT(method_strings, m, "<unknown>");
+}
 
-            if (res.code >= 400 && res.body.empty())
-                res.body = statusCodes[res.code].substr(9);
 
-            for(auto& kv : res.headers)
-            {
-                buffers_.emplace_back(kv.first.data(), kv.first.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(seperator.data(), seperator.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(kv.second.data(), kv.second.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+inline void
+http_parser_init (http_parser *parser, enum http_parser_type t)
+{
+  void *data = parser->data; /* preserve application data */
+  memset(parser, 0, sizeof(*parser));
+  parser->data = data;
+  parser->type = t;
+  parser->state = (t == HTTP_REQUEST ? s_start_req : (t == HTTP_RESPONSE ? s_start_res : s_start_req_or_res));
+  parser->http_errno = HPE_OK;
+}
 
-            }
+inline const char *
+http_errno_name(enum http_errno err) {
+/* Map errno values to strings for human-readable output */
+#define CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN(n, s) { "HPE_" #n, s },
+static struct {
+  const char *name;
+  const char *description;
+} http_strerror_tab[] = {
+  CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN)
+};
+#undef CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN
+  assert(err < (sizeof(http_strerror_tab)/sizeof(http_strerror_tab[0])));
+  return http_strerror_tab[err].name;
+}
 
-            if (!res.headers.count("content-length"))
-            {
-                content_length_ = std::to_string(res.body.size());
-                static std::string content_length_tag = "Content-Length: ";
-                buffers_.emplace_back(content_length_tag.data(), content_length_tag.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(content_length_.data(), content_length_.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
-            }
-            if (!res.headers.count("server"))
-            {
-                static std::string server_tag = "Server: ";
-                buffers_.emplace_back(server_tag.data(), server_tag.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(server_name_.data(), server_name_.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
-            }
-            if (!res.headers.count("date"))
-            {
-                static std::string date_tag = "Date: ";
-                date_str_ = get_cached_date_str();
-                buffers_.emplace_back(date_tag.data(), date_tag.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(date_str_.data(), date_str_.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
-            }
-            if (add_keep_alive_)
-            {
-                static std::string keep_alive_tag = "Connection: Keep-Alive";
-                buffers_.emplace_back(keep_alive_tag.data(), keep_alive_tag.size());
-                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
-            }
+inline const char *
+http_errno_description(enum http_errno err) {
+/* Map errno values to strings for human-readable output */
+#define CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN(n, s) { "HPE_" #n, s },
+static struct {
+  const char *name;
+  const char *description;
+} http_strerror_tab[] = {
+  CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP(CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN)
+};
+#undef CROW_HTTP_STRERROR_GEN
+  assert(err < (sizeof(http_strerror_tab)/sizeof(http_strerror_tab[0])));
+  return http_strerror_tab[err].description;
+}
 
-            buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
-            res_body_copy_.swap(res.body);
-            buffers_.emplace_back(res_body_copy_.data(), res_body_copy_.size());
+inline static enum http_host_state
+http_parse_host_char(enum http_host_state s, const char ch) {
+  switch(s) {
+    case s_http_userinfo:
+    case s_http_userinfo_start:
+      if (ch == '@') {
+        return s_http_host_start;
+      }
 
-            do_write();
+      if (CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_http_userinfo;
+      }
+      break;
 
-            if (need_to_start_read_after_complete_)
-            {
-                need_to_start_read_after_complete_ = false;
-                start_deadline();
-                do_read();
-            }
-        }
+    case s_http_host_start:
+      if (ch == '[') {
+        return s_http_host_v6_start;
+      }
 
-    private:
-        void do_read()
-        {
-            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
-            is_reading = true;
-            adaptor_.socket().async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(buffer_), 
-                [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred)
-                {
-                    bool error_while_reading = true;
-                    if (!ec)
-                    {
-                        bool ret = parser_.feed(buffer_.data(), bytes_transferred);
-                        if (ret && adaptor_.is_open())
-                        {
-                            error_while_reading = false;
-                        }
-                    }
+      if (CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_http_host;
+      }
 
-                    if (error_while_reading)
-                    {
-                        cancel_deadline_timer();
-                        parser_.done();
-                        adaptor_.close();
-                        is_reading = false;
-                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from read(1)";
-                        check_destroy();
-                    }
-                    else if (close_connection_)
-                    {
-                        cancel_deadline_timer();
-                        parser_.done();
-                        is_reading = false;
-                        check_destroy();
-                        // adaptor will close after write
-                    }
-                    else if (!need_to_call_after_handlers_)
-                    {
-                        start_deadline();
-                        do_read();
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        // res will be completed later by user
-                        need_to_start_read_after_complete_ = true;
-                    }
-                });
-        }
+      break;
 
-        void do_write()
-        {
-            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
-            is_writing = true;
-            boost::asio::async_write(adaptor_.socket(), buffers_, 
-                [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t /*bytes_transferred*/)
-                {
-                    is_writing = false;
-                    res.clear();
-                    res_body_copy_.clear();
-                    if (!ec)
-                    {
-                        if (close_connection_)
-                        {
-                            adaptor_.close();
-                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from write(1)";
-                            check_destroy();
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from write(2)";
-                        check_destroy();
-                    }
-                });
+    case s_http_host:
+      if (CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR(ch)) {
+        return s_http_host;
+      }
+
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case s_http_host_v6_end:
+      if (ch == ':') {
+        return s_http_host_port_start;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_http_host_v6:
+      if (ch == ']') {
+        return s_http_host_v6_end;
+      }
+
+    /* FALLTHROUGH */
+    case s_http_host_v6_start:
+      if (CROW_IS_HEX(ch) || ch == ':' || ch == '.') {
+        return s_http_host_v6;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    case s_http_host_port:
+    case s_http_host_port_start:
+      if (CROW_IS_NUM(ch)) {
+        return s_http_host_port;
+      }
+
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+  return s_http_host_dead;
+}
+
+inline int
+http_parse_host(const char * buf, struct http_parser_url *u, int found_at) {
+  enum http_host_state s;
+
+  const char *p;
+  size_t buflen = u->field_data[UF_HOST].off + u->field_data[UF_HOST].len;
+
+  u->field_data[UF_HOST].len = 0;
+
+  s = found_at ? s_http_userinfo_start : s_http_host_start;
+
+  for (p = buf + u->field_data[UF_HOST].off; p < buf + buflen; p++) {
+    enum http_host_state new_s = http_parse_host_char(s, *p);
+
+    if (new_s == s_http_host_dead) {
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    switch(new_s) {
+      case s_http_host:
+        if (s != s_http_host) {
+          u->field_data[UF_HOST].off = p - buf;
         }
+        u->field_data[UF_HOST].len++;
+        break;
 
-        void check_destroy()
-        {
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " is_reading " << is_reading << " is_writing " << is_writing;
-            if (!is_reading && !is_writing)
-            {
-                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " delete (idle) ";
-                delete this;
-            }
+      case s_http_host_v6:
+        if (s != s_http_host_v6) {
+          u->field_data[UF_HOST].off = p - buf;
         }
+        u->field_data[UF_HOST].len++;
+        break;
 
-        void cancel_deadline_timer()
-        {
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " timer cancelled: " << timer_cancel_key_.first << ' ' << timer_cancel_key_.second;
-            timer_queue.cancel(timer_cancel_key_);
+      case s_http_host_port:
+        if (s != s_http_host_port) {
+          u->field_data[UF_PORT].off = p - buf;
+          u->field_data[UF_PORT].len = 0;
+          u->field_set |= (1 << UF_PORT);
         }
+        u->field_data[UF_PORT].len++;
+        break;
 
-        void start_deadline(/*int timeout = 5*/)
-        {
-            cancel_deadline_timer();
-            
-            timer_cancel_key_ = timer_queue.add([this]
-            {
-                if (!adaptor_.is_open())
-                {
-                    return;
-                }
-                adaptor_.close();
-            });
-            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " timer added: " << timer_cancel_key_.first << ' ' << timer_cancel_key_.second;
+      case s_http_userinfo:
+        if (s != s_http_userinfo) {
+          u->field_data[UF_USERINFO].off = p - buf ;
+          u->field_data[UF_USERINFO].len = 0;
+          u->field_set |= (1 << UF_USERINFO);
         }
+        u->field_data[UF_USERINFO].len++;
+        break;
 
-    private:
-        Adaptor adaptor_;
-        Handler* handler_;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+    s = new_s;
+  }
 
-        boost::array<char, 4096> buffer_;
+  /* Make sure we don't end somewhere unexpected */
+  switch (s) {
+    case s_http_host_start:
+    case s_http_host_v6_start:
+    case s_http_host_v6:
+    case s_http_host_port_start:
+    case s_http_userinfo:
+    case s_http_userinfo_start:
+      return 1;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
 
-        HTTPParser<Connection> parser_;
-        request req_;
-        response res;
+  return 0;
+}
 
-        bool close_connection_ = false;
+inline int
+http_parser_parse_url(const char *buf, size_t buflen, int is_connect,
+                      struct http_parser_url *u)
+{
+  enum state s;
+  const char *p;
+  enum http_parser_url_fields uf, old_uf;
+  int found_at = 0;
 
-        const std::string& server_name_;
-        std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> buffers_;
+  u->port = u->field_set = 0;
+  s = is_connect ? s_req_server_start : s_req_spaces_before_url;
+  old_uf = UF_MAX;
 
-        std::string content_length_;
-        std::string date_str_;
-        std::string res_body_copy_;
+  for (p = buf; p < buf + buflen; p++) {
+    s = parse_url_char(s, *p);
 
-        //boost::asio::deadline_timer deadline_;
-        detail::dumb_timer_queue::key timer_cancel_key_;
+    /* Figure out the next field that we're operating on */
+    switch (s) {
+      case s_dead:
+        return 1;
 
-        bool is_reading{};
-        bool is_writing{};
-        bool need_to_call_after_handlers_{};
-        bool need_to_start_read_after_complete_{};
-        bool add_keep_alive_{};
+      /* Skip delimeters */
+      case s_req_schema_slash:
+      case s_req_schema_slash_slash:
+      case s_req_server_start:
+      case s_req_query_string_start:
+      case s_req_fragment_start:
+        continue;
 
-        std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares_;
-        detail::context<Middlewares...> ctx_;
+      case s_req_schema:
+        uf = UF_SCHEMA;
+        break;
 
-        std::function<std::string()>& get_cached_date_str;
-        detail::dumb_timer_queue& timer_queue;
-    };
+      case s_req_server_with_at:
+        found_at = 1;
+
+      /* FALLTROUGH */
+      case s_req_server:
+        uf = UF_HOST;
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_path:
+        uf = UF_PATH;
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_query_string:
+        uf = UF_QUERY;
+        break;
+
+      case s_req_fragment:
+        uf = UF_FRAGMENT;
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        assert(!"Unexpected state");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    /* Nothing's changed; soldier on */
+    if (uf == old_uf) {
+      u->field_data[uf].len++;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    u->field_data[uf].off = p - buf;
+    u->field_data[uf].len = 1;
+
+    u->field_set |= (1 << uf);
+    old_uf = uf;
+  }
+
+  /* host must be present if there is a schema */
+  /* parsing http:///toto will fail */
+  if ((u->field_set & ((1 << UF_SCHEMA) | (1 << UF_HOST))) != 0) {
+    if (http_parse_host(buf, u, found_at) != 0) {
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
 
+  /* CONNECT requests can only contain "hostname:port" */
+  if (is_connect && u->field_set != ((1 << UF_HOST)|(1 << UF_PORT))) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (u->field_set & (1 << UF_PORT)) {
+    /* Don't bother with endp; we've already validated the string */
+    unsigned long v = strtoul(buf + u->field_data[UF_PORT].off, NULL, 10);
+
+    /* Ports have a max value of 2^16 */
+    if (v > 0xffff) {
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+    u->port = (uint16_t) v;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+inline void
+http_parser_pause(http_parser *parser, int paused) {
+  /* Users should only be pausing/unpausing a parser that is not in an error
+   * state. In non-debug builds, there's not much that we can do about this
+   * other than ignore it.
+   */
+  if (CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_OK ||
+      CROW_HTTP_PARSER_ERRNO(parser) == HPE_PAUSED) {
+    CROW_SET_ERRNO((paused) ? HPE_PAUSED : HPE_OK);
+  } else {
+    assert(0 && "Attempting to pause parser in error state");
+  }
 }
 
+inline int
+http_body_is_final(const struct http_parser *parser) {
+    return parser->state == s_message_done;
+}
+
+inline unsigned long
+http_parser_version(void) {
+  return CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MAJOR * 0x10000 |
+         CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_MINOR * 0x00100 |
+         CROW_HTTP_PARSER_VERSION_PATCH * 0x00001;
+}
+
+#undef CROW_HTTP_METHOD_MAP
+#undef CROW_HTTP_ERRNO_MAP
+#undef CROW_SET_ERRNO
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_NOTIFY_NOADVANCE
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_DATA
+#undef CROW_CALLBACK_DATA_NOADVANCE
+#undef CROW_MARK
+#undef CROW_PROXY_CONNECTION
+#undef CROW_CONNECTION
+#undef CROW_CONTENT_LENGTH
+#undef CROW_TRANSFER_ENCODING
+#undef CROW_UPGRADE
+#undef CROW_CHUNKED
+#undef CROW_KEEP_ALIVE
+#undef CROW_CLOSE
+#undef CROW_PARSING_HEADER
+#undef CROW_CR
+#undef CROW_LF
+#undef CROW_LOWER
+#undef CROW_IS_ALPHA
+#undef CROW_IS_NUM
+#undef CROW_IS_ALPHANUM
+#undef CROW_IS_HEX
+#undef CROW_IS_MARK
+#undef CROW_IS_USERINFO_CHAR
+#undef CROW_TOKEN
+#undef CROW_IS_URL_CHAR
+#undef CROW_IS_HOST_CHAR
+#undef CROW_start_state
+#undef CROW_STRICT_CHECK
+#undef CROW_NEW_MESSAGE
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
 
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <chrono>
-#include <boost/date_time/posix_time/posix_time.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio.hpp>
-#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
-#include <boost/asio/ssl.hpp>
-#endif
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <atomic>
-#include <future>
-#include <vector>
+#include <deque>
+#include <functional>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <thread>
 
-#include <memory>
 
 
 
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace detail 
+    {
+        // fast timer queue for fixed tick value.
+        class dumb_timer_queue
+        {
+        public:
+            using key = std::pair<dumb_timer_queue*, int>;
 
+            void cancel(key& k)
+            {
+                auto self = k.first;
+                k.first = nullptr;
+                if (!self)
+                    return;
 
+                unsigned int index = (unsigned int)(k.second - self->step_);
+                if (index < self->dq_.size())
+                    self->dq_[index].second = nullptr;
+            }
+
+            key add(std::function<void()> f)
+            {
+                dq_.emplace_back(std::chrono::steady_clock::now(), std::move(f));
+                int ret = step_+dq_.size()-1;
+
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "timer add inside: " << this << ' ' << ret ;
+                return {this, ret};
+            }
+
+            void process()
+            {
+                if (!io_service_)
+                    return;
+
+                auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+                while(!dq_.empty())
+                {
+                    auto& x = dq_.front();
+                    if (now - x.first < std::chrono::seconds(tick))
+                        break;
+                    if (x.second)
+                    {
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "timer call: " << this << ' ' << step_;
+                        // we know that timer handlers are very simple currenty; call here
+                        x.second();
+                    }
+                    dq_.pop_front();
+                    step_++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            void set_io_service(boost::asio::io_service& io_service)
+            {
+                io_service_ = &io_service;
+            }
+
+            dumb_timer_queue() noexcept
+            {
+            }
+
+        private:
+
+            int tick{5};
+            boost::asio::io_service* io_service_{};
+            std::deque<std::pair<decltype(std::chrono::steady_clock::now()), std::function<void()>>> dq_;
+            int step_{};
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <iostream>
 
 
 
 namespace crow
 {
-    using namespace boost;
-    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
+    enum class HTTPMethod
+    {
+#ifndef DELETE
+        DELETE = 0,
+        GET,
+        HEAD,
+        POST,
+        PUT,
+        CONNECT,
+        OPTIONS,
+        TRACE,
+#endif
 
-    template <typename Handler, typename Adaptor = SocketAdaptor, typename ... Middlewares>
-    class Server
+        Delete = 0,
+        Get,
+        Head,
+        Post,
+        Put,
+        Connect,
+        Options,
+        Trace,
+    };
+
+    inline std::string method_name(HTTPMethod method)
     {
-    public:
-    Server(Handler* handler, std::string bindaddr, uint16_t port, std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares = nullptr, uint16_t concurrency = 1, typename Adaptor::context* adaptor_ctx = nullptr)
-            : acceptor_(io_service_, tcp::endpoint(boost::asio::ip::address::from_string(bindaddr), port)),
-            signals_(io_service_, SIGINT, SIGTERM),
-            tick_timer_(io_service_),
-            handler_(handler),
-            concurrency_(concurrency),
-            port_(port),
-            bindaddr_(bindaddr),
-            middlewares_(middlewares),
-            adaptor_ctx_(adaptor_ctx)
+        switch(method)
         {
+            case HTTPMethod::Delete:
+                return "DELETE";
+            case HTTPMethod::Get:
+                return "GET";
+            case HTTPMethod::Head:
+                return "HEAD";
+            case HTTPMethod::Post:
+                return "POST";
+            case HTTPMethod::Put:
+                return "PUT";
+            case HTTPMethod::Connect:
+                return "CONNECT";
+            case HTTPMethod::Options:
+                return "OPTIONS";
+            case HTTPMethod::Trace:
+                return "TRACE";
         }
+        return "invalid";
+    }
 
-        void set_tick_function(std::chrono::milliseconds d, std::function<void()> f)
-        {
-            tick_interval_ = d;
-            tick_function_ = f;
-        }
+    enum class ParamType
+    {
+        INT,
+        UINT,
+        DOUBLE,
+        STRING,
+        PATH,
 
-        void on_tick()
+        MAX
+    };
+
+    struct routing_params
+    {
+        std::vector<int64_t> int_params;
+        std::vector<uint64_t> uint_params;
+        std::vector<double> double_params;
+        std::vector<std::string> string_params;
+
+        void debug_print() const
         {
-            tick_function_();
-            tick_timer_.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::milliseconds(tick_interval_.count()));
-            tick_timer_.async_wait([this](const boost::system::error_code& ec)
-                    {
-                        if (ec)
-                            return;
-                        on_tick();
-                    });
+            std::cerr << "routing_params" << std::endl;
+            for(auto i:int_params)
+                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
+            std::cerr<<std::endl;
+            for(auto i:uint_params)
+                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
+            std::cerr<<std::endl;
+            for(auto i:double_params)
+                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
+            std::cerr<<std::endl;
+            for(auto& i:string_params)
+                std::cerr<<i <<", " ;
+            std::cerr<<std::endl;
         }
 
-        void run()
-        {
-            if (concurrency_ < 0)
-                concurrency_ = 1;
+        template <typename T>
+        T get(unsigned) const;
 
-            for(int i = 0; i < concurrency_;  i++)
-                io_service_pool_.emplace_back(new boost::asio::io_service());
-            get_cached_date_str_pool_.resize(concurrency_);
-            timer_queue_pool_.resize(concurrency_);
+    };
 
-            std::vector<std::future<void>> v;
-            std::atomic<int> init_count(0);
-            for(uint16_t i = 0; i < concurrency_; i ++)
-                v.push_back(
-                        std::async(std::launch::async, [this, i, &init_count]{
+    template<>
+    inline int64_t routing_params::get<int64_t>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return int_params[index];
+    }
 
-                            // thread local date string get function
-                            auto last = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+    template<>
+    inline uint64_t routing_params::get<uint64_t>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return uint_params[index];
+    }
 
-                            std::string date_str;
-                            auto update_date_str = [&]
-                            {
-                                auto last_time_t = time(0);
-                                tm my_tm;
+    template<>
+    inline double routing_params::get<double>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return double_params[index];
+    }
 
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-                                gmtime_s(&my_tm, &last_time_t);
-#else
-                                gmtime_r(&last_time_t, &my_tm);
+    template<>
+    inline std::string routing_params::get<std::string>(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return string_params[index];
+    }
+}
+
+#ifndef CROW_MSVC_WORKAROUND
+constexpr crow::HTTPMethod operator "" _method(const char* str, size_t /*len*/)
+{
+    return
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "GET", 3) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Get :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "DELETE", 6) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Delete :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "HEAD", 4) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Head :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "POST", 4) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Post :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "PUT", 3) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Put :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "OPTIONS", 7) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Options :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "CONNECT", 7) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Connect :
+        crow::black_magic::is_equ_p(str, "TRACE", 5) ? crow::HTTPMethod::Trace :
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid http method");
+}
 #endif
-                                date_str.resize(100);
-                                size_t date_str_sz = strftime(&date_str[0], 99, "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", &my_tm);
-                                date_str.resize(date_str_sz);
-                            };
-                            update_date_str();
-                            get_cached_date_str_pool_[i] = [&]()->std::string
-                            {
-                                if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - last >= std::chrono::seconds(1))
-                                {
-                                    last = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-                                    update_date_str();
-                                }
-                                return date_str;
-                            };
 
-                            // initializing timer queue
-                            detail::dumb_timer_queue timer_queue;
-                            timer_queue_pool_[i] = &timer_queue;
 
-                            timer_queue.set_io_service(*io_service_pool_[i]);
-                            boost::asio::deadline_timer timer(*io_service_pool_[i]);
-                            timer.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::seconds(1));
 
-                            std::function<void(const boost::system::error_code& ec)> handler;
-                            handler = [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec){
-                                if (ec)
-                                    return;
-                                timer_queue.process();
-                                timer.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::seconds(1));
-                                timer.async_wait(handler);
-                            };
-                            timer.async_wait(handler);
+#pragma once
 
-                            init_count ++;
-                            try 
-                            {
-                                io_service_pool_[i]->run();
-                            } catch(std::exception& e)
-                            {
-                                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "Worker Crash: An uncaught exception occurred: " << e.what();
-                            }
-                        }));
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
+#include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
+#include <unordered_map>
 
-            if (tick_function_ && tick_interval_.count() > 0) 
+namespace crow
+{
+    struct ci_hash
+    {
+        size_t operator()(const std::string& key) const
+        {
+            std::size_t seed = 0;
+            std::locale locale;
+
+            for(auto c : key)
             {
-                tick_timer_.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::milliseconds(tick_interval_.count()));
-                tick_timer_.async_wait([this](const boost::system::error_code& ec)
-                        {
-                            if (ec)
-                                return;
-                            on_tick();
-                        });
+                boost::hash_combine(seed, std::toupper(c, locale));
             }
 
-            CROW_LOG_INFO << server_name_ << " server is running, local port " << port_;
+            return seed;
+        }
+    };
 
-            signals_.async_wait(
-                [&](const boost::system::error_code& /*error*/, int /*signal_number*/){
-                    stop();
-                });
+    struct ci_key_eq
+    {
+        bool operator()(const std::string& l, const std::string& r) const
+        {
+            return boost::iequals(l, r);
+        }
+    };
 
-            while(concurrency_ != init_count)
-                std::this_thread::yield();
+    using ci_map = std::unordered_multimap<std::string, std::string, ci_hash, ci_key_eq>;
+}
 
-            do_accept();
 
-            std::thread([this]{
-                io_service_.run();
-                CROW_LOG_INFO << "Exiting.";
-            }).join();
-        }
 
-        void stop()
+#pragma once
+
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    template <typename T>
+    inline const std::string& get_header_value(const T& headers, const std::string& key)
+    {
+        if (headers.count(key))
         {
-            io_service_.stop();
-            for(auto& io_service:io_service_pool_)
-                io_service->stop();
+            return headers.find(key)->second;
         }
+        static std::string empty;
+        return empty;
+    }
 
-    private:
-        asio::io_service& pick_io_service()
+	struct DetachHelper;
+
+    struct request
+    {
+        HTTPMethod method;
+        std::string raw_url;
+        std::string url;
+        query_string url_params;
+        ci_map headers;
+        std::string body;
+
+        void* middleware_context{};
+        boost::asio::io_service* io_service{};
+
+        request()
+            : method(HTTPMethod::Get)
         {
-            // TODO load balancing
-            roundrobin_index_++;
-            if (roundrobin_index_ >= io_service_pool_.size())
-                roundrobin_index_ = 0;
-            return *io_service_pool_[roundrobin_index_];
         }
 
-        void do_accept()
+        request(HTTPMethod method, std::string raw_url, std::string url, query_string url_params, ci_map headers, std::string body)
+            : method(method), raw_url(std::move(raw_url)), url(std::move(url)), url_params(std::move(url_params)), headers(std::move(headers)), body(std::move(body))
         {
-            asio::io_service& is = pick_io_service();
-            auto p = new Connection<Adaptor, Handler, Middlewares...>(
-                is, handler_, server_name_, middlewares_,
-                get_cached_date_str_pool_[roundrobin_index_], *timer_queue_pool_[roundrobin_index_],
-                adaptor_ctx_);
-            acceptor_.async_accept(p->socket(),
-                [this, p, &is](boost::system::error_code ec)
-                {
-                    if (!ec)
-                    {
-                        is.post([p]
-                        {
-                            p->start();
-                        });
-                    }
-                    do_accept();
-                });
         }
 
-    private:
-        asio::io_service io_service_;
-        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<asio::io_service>> io_service_pool_;
-        std::vector<detail::dumb_timer_queue*> timer_queue_pool_;
-        std::vector<std::function<std::string()>> get_cached_date_str_pool_;
-        tcp::acceptor acceptor_;
-        boost::asio::signal_set signals_;
-        boost::asio::deadline_timer tick_timer_;
+        void add_header(std::string key, std::string value)
+        {
+            headers.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(value));
+        }
 
-        Handler* handler_;
-        uint16_t concurrency_{1};
-        std::string server_name_ = "Crow/0.1";
-        uint16_t port_;
-        std::string bindaddr_;
-        unsigned int roundrobin_index_{};
+        const std::string& get_header_value(const std::string& key) const
+        {
+            return crow::get_header_value(headers, key);
+        }
 
-        std::chrono::milliseconds tick_interval_;
-        std::function<void()> tick_function_;
+        template<typename CompletionHandler>
+        void post(CompletionHandler handler)
+        {
+            io_service->post(handler);
+        }
 
-        std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares_;
+        template<typename CompletionHandler>
+        void dispatch(CompletionHandler handler)
+        {
+            io_service->dispatch(handler);
+        }
 
-#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
-        bool use_ssl_{false};
-        boost::asio::ssl::context ssl_context_{boost::asio::ssl::context::sslv23};
-#endif
-        typename Adaptor::context* adaptor_ctx_;
     };
 }
 
@@ -7833,14 +6668,10 @@ namespace crow
                         case WebSocketReadState::Len16:
                             {
                                 remaining_length_ = 0;
-				uint16_t remaining_length16_ = 0;
-                                boost::asio::async_read(adaptor_.socket(), boost::asio::buffer(&remaining_length16_, 2), 
-                                    [this,&remaining_length16_](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred) 
+                                boost::asio::async_read(adaptor_.socket(), boost::asio::buffer(&remaining_length_, 2), 
+                                    [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred) 
                                     {
                                         is_reading = false;
-                                        remaining_length16_ = ntohs(remaining_length16_);
-                                        remaining_length_ = remaining_length16_;
-
                                         remaining_length_ = ntohs(*(uint16_t*)&remaining_length_);
 #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
                                         if (!ec && bytes_transferred != 2)
@@ -8116,180 +6947,309 @@ namespace crow
 
 
 #pragma once
-#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
-
-
 
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
+#include <boost/tokenizer.hpp>
+#include <algorithm>
 
 
-namespace crow
-{
-    // Any middleware requires following 3 members:
 
-    // struct context;
-    //      storing data for the middleware; can be read from another middleware or handlers
 
-    // before_handle
-    //      called before handling the request.
-    //      if res.end() is called, the operation is halted. 
-    //      (still call after_handle of this middleware)
-    //      2 signatures:
-    //      void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
-    //          if you only need to access this middlewares context.
-    //      template <typename AllContext>
-    //      void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx, AllContext& all_ctx)
-    //          you can access another middlewares' context by calling `all_ctx.template get<MW>()'
-    //          ctx == all_ctx.template get<CurrentMiddleware>()
 
-    // after_handle
-    //      called after handling the request.
-    //      void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
-    //      template <typename AllContext>
-    //      void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx, AllContext& all_ctx)
 
-    struct CookieParser
+namespace crow
+{
+    template <typename Handler>
+    struct HTTPParser : public http_parser
     {
-        struct context
+        static int on_message_begin(http_parser* self_)
         {
-            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> jar;
-            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> cookies_to_add;
-
-            std::string get_cookie(const std::string& key)
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            self->clear();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_url(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            self->raw_url.insert(self->raw_url.end(), at, at+length);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_header_field(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            switch (self->header_building_state)
             {
-                if (jar.count(key))
-                    return jar[key];
-                return {};
+                case 0:
+                    if (!self->header_value.empty())
+                    {
+                        self->headers.emplace(std::move(self->header_field), std::move(self->header_value));
+                    }
+                    self->header_field.assign(at, at+length);
+                    self->header_building_state = 1;
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    self->header_field.insert(self->header_field.end(), at, at+length);
+                    break;
             }
-
-            void set_cookie(const std::string& key, const std::string& value)
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_header_value(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            switch (self->header_building_state)
             {
-                cookies_to_add.emplace(key, value);
+                case 0:
+                    self->header_value.insert(self->header_value.end(), at, at+length);
+                    break;
+                case 1:
+                    self->header_building_state = 0;
+                    self->header_value.assign(at, at+length);
+                    break;
             }
-        };
-
-        void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_headers_complete(http_parser* self_)
         {
-            int count = req.headers.count("Cookie");
-            if (!count)
-                return;
-            if (count > 1)
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            if (!self->header_field.empty())
             {
-                res.code = 400;
-                res.end();
-                return;
+                self->headers.emplace(std::move(self->header_field), std::move(self->header_value));
             }
-            std::string cookies = req.get_header_value("Cookie");
-            size_t pos = 0;
-            while(pos < cookies.size())
-            {
-                size_t pos_equal = cookies.find('=', pos);
-                if (pos_equal == cookies.npos)
-                    break;
-                std::string name = cookies.substr(pos, pos_equal-pos);
-                boost::trim(name);
-                pos = pos_equal+1;
-                while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
-                if (pos == cookies.size())
-                    break;
+            self->process_header();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_body(http_parser* self_, const char* at, size_t length)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
+            self->body.insert(self->body.end(), at, at+length);
+            return 0;
+        }
+        static int on_message_complete(http_parser* self_)
+        {
+            HTTPParser* self = static_cast<HTTPParser*>(self_);
 
-                std::string value;
+            // url params
+            self->url = self->raw_url.substr(0, self->raw_url.find("?"));
+            self->url_params = query_string(self->raw_url);
 
-                if (cookies[pos] == '"')
-                {
-                    int dquote_meet_count = 0;
-                    pos ++;
-                    size_t pos_dquote = pos-1;
-                    do
-                    {
-                        pos_dquote = cookies.find('"', pos_dquote+1);
-                        dquote_meet_count ++;
-                    } while(pos_dquote < cookies.size() && cookies[pos_dquote-1] == '\\');
-                    if (pos_dquote == cookies.npos)
-                        break;
+            self->process_message();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        HTTPParser(Handler* handler) :
+            handler_(handler)
+        {
+            http_parser_init(this, HTTP_REQUEST);
+        }
 
-                    if (dquote_meet_count == 1)
-                        value = cookies.substr(pos, pos_dquote - pos);
-                    else
-                    {
-                        value.clear();
-                        value.reserve(pos_dquote-pos);
-                        for(size_t p = pos; p < pos_dquote; p++)
-                        {
-                            // FIXME minimal escaping
-                            if (cookies[p] == '\\' && p + 1 < pos_dquote)
-                            {
-                                p++;
-                                if (cookies[p] == '\\' || cookies[p] == '"')
-                                    value += cookies[p];
-                                else
-                                {
-                                    value += '\\';
-                                    value += cookies[p];
-                                }
-                            }
-                            else
-                                value += cookies[p];
-                        }
-                    }
+        // return false on error
+        bool feed(const char* buffer, int length)
+        {
+            const static http_parser_settings settings_{
+                on_message_begin,
+                on_url,
+                nullptr,
+                on_header_field,
+                on_header_value,
+                on_headers_complete,
+                on_body,
+                on_message_complete,
+            };
 
-                    ctx.jar.emplace(std::move(name), std::move(value));
-                    pos = cookies.find(";", pos_dquote+1);
-                    if (pos == cookies.npos)
-                        break;
-                    pos++;
-                    while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
-                    if (pos == cookies.size())
-                        break;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    size_t pos_semicolon = cookies.find(';', pos);
-                    value = cookies.substr(pos, pos_semicolon - pos);
-                    boost::trim(value);
-                    ctx.jar.emplace(std::move(name), std::move(value));
-                    pos = pos_semicolon;
-                    if (pos == cookies.npos)
-                        break;
-                    pos ++;
-                    while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
-                    if (pos == cookies.size())
-                        break;
-                }
-            }
+            int nparsed = http_parser_execute(this, &settings_, buffer, length);
+            return nparsed == length;
         }
 
-        void after_handle(request& /*req*/, response& res, context& ctx)
+        bool done()
         {
-            for(auto& cookie:ctx.cookies_to_add)
-            {
-                res.add_header("Set-Cookie", cookie.first + "=" + cookie.second);
-            }
+            return feed(nullptr, 0);
+        }
+
+        void clear()
+        {
+            url.clear();
+            raw_url.clear();
+            header_building_state = 0;
+            header_field.clear();
+            header_value.clear();
+            headers.clear();
+            url_params.clear();
+            body.clear();
+        }
+
+        void process_header()
+        {
+            handler_->handle_header();
+        }
+
+        void process_message()
+        {
+            handler_->handle();
+        }
+
+        request to_request() const
+        {
+            return request{(HTTPMethod)method, std::move(raw_url), std::move(url), std::move(url_params), std::move(headers), std::move(body)};
+        }
+
+		bool is_upgrade() const
+		{
+			return upgrade;
+		}
+
+        bool check_version(int major, int minor) const
+        {
+            return http_major == major && http_minor == minor;
         }
+
+        std::string raw_url;
+        std::string url;
+
+        int header_building_state = 0;
+        std::string header_field;
+        std::string header_value;
+        ci_map headers;
+        query_string url_params;
+        std::string body;
+
+        Handler* handler_;
     };
+}
 
-    /*
-    App<CookieParser, AnotherJarMW> app;
-    A B C
-    A::context
-        int aa;
 
-    ctx1 : public A::context
-    ctx2 : public ctx1, public B::context
-    ctx3 : public ctx2, public C::context
 
-    C depends on A
+#pragma once
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
 
-    C::handle
-        context.aaa
 
-    App::context : private CookieParser::contetx, ... 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    template <typename Adaptor, typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
+    class Connection;
+    struct response
     {
-        jar
+        template <typename Adaptor, typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
+        friend class crow::Connection;
 
-    }
+        int code{200};
+        std::string body;
+        json::wvalue json_value;
 
-    SimpleApp
-    */
+        // `headers' stores HTTP headers.
+        ci_map headers;
+
+        void set_header(std::string key, std::string value)
+        {
+            headers.erase(key);
+            headers.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(value));
+        }
+        void add_header(std::string key, std::string value)
+        {
+            headers.emplace(std::move(key), std::move(value));
+        }
+
+        const std::string& get_header_value(const std::string& key)
+        {
+            return crow::get_header_value(headers, key);
+        }
+
+
+        response() {}
+        explicit response(int code) : code(code) {}
+        response(std::string body) : body(std::move(body)) {}
+        response(json::wvalue&& json_value) : json_value(std::move(json_value))
+        {
+            json_mode();
+        }
+        response(int code, std::string body) : code(code), body(std::move(body)) {}
+        response(const json::wvalue& json_value) : body(json::dump(json_value))
+        {
+            json_mode();
+        }
+        response(int code, const json::wvalue& json_value) : code(code), body(json::dump(json_value))
+        {
+            json_mode();
+        }
+
+        response(response&& r)
+        {
+            *this = std::move(r);
+        }
+
+        response& operator = (const response& r) = delete;
+
+        response& operator = (response&& r) noexcept
+        {
+            body = std::move(r.body);
+            json_value = std::move(r.json_value);
+            code = r.code;
+            headers = std::move(r.headers);
+            completed_ = r.completed_;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        bool is_completed() const noexcept
+        {
+            return completed_;
+        }
+
+        void clear()
+        {
+            body.clear();
+            json_value.clear();
+            code = 200;
+            headers.clear();
+            completed_ = false;
+        }
+
+        void write(const std::string& body_part)
+        {
+            body += body_part;
+        }
+
+        void end()
+        {
+            if (!completed_)
+            {
+                completed_ = true;
+
+                if (complete_request_handler_)
+                {
+                    complete_request_handler_();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void end(const std::string& body_part)
+        {
+            body += body_part;
+            end();
+        }
+
+        bool is_alive()
+        {
+            return is_alive_helper_ && is_alive_helper_();
+        }
+
+        private:
+            bool completed_{};
+            std::function<void()> complete_request_handler_;
+            std::function<bool()> is_alive_helper_;
+
+            //In case of a JSON object, set the Content-Type header
+            void json_mode()
+            {
+                set_header("Content-Type", "application/json");
+            }
+    };
 }
 
 
@@ -8458,7 +7418,7 @@ namespace crow
             struct Wrapped
             {
                 template <typename ... Args>
-                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                void set_(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
                     !std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value
                 , int>::type = 0)
                 {
@@ -8492,7 +7452,7 @@ namespace crow
                 };
 
                 template <typename ... Args>
-                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                void set_(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
                         std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value &&
                         !std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<1, std::tuple<Args..., void, void>>::type, response&>::value
                         , int>::type = 0)
@@ -8507,7 +7467,7 @@ namespace crow
                 }
 
                 template <typename ... Args>
-                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                void set_(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
                         std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value &&
                         std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<1, std::tuple<Args..., void, void>>::type, response&>::value
                         , int>::type = 0)
@@ -8712,7 +7672,7 @@ namespace crow
                 throw std::runtime_error("route_dynamic: Handler type is mismatched with URL parameters: " + rule_);
             }
             auto ret = detail::routing_handler_call_helper::Wrapped<Func, typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...>();
-            ret.template set<
+            ret.template set_<
                 typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...
             >(std::move(f));
             return ret;
@@ -9361,6 +8321,1094 @@ public:
 
 #pragma once
 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    namespace detail
+    {
+        template <typename ... Middlewares>
+        struct partial_context
+            : public black_magic::pop_back<Middlewares...>::template rebind<partial_context>
+            , public black_magic::last_element_type<Middlewares...>::type::context
+        {
+            using parent_context = typename black_magic::pop_back<Middlewares...>::template rebind<::crow::detail::partial_context>;
+            template <int N>
+            using partial = typename std::conditional<N == sizeof...(Middlewares)-1, partial_context, typename parent_context::template partial<N>>::type;
+
+            template <typename T> 
+            typename T::context& get()
+            {
+                return static_cast<typename T::context&>(*this);
+            }
+        };
+
+        template <>
+        struct partial_context<>
+        {
+            template <int>
+            using partial = partial_context;
+        };
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares>
+        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx);
+
+        template <typename ... Middlewares>
+        struct context : private partial_context<Middlewares...>
+        //struct context : private Middlewares::context... // simple but less type-safe
+        {
+            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+            friend typename std::enable_if<(N==0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res);
+            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+            friend typename std::enable_if<(N>0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res);
+
+            template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares2>
+            friend bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx);
+
+            template <typename T> 
+            typename T::context& get()
+            {
+                return static_cast<typename T::context&>(*this);
+            }
+
+            template <int N>
+            using partial = typename partial_context<Middlewares...>::template partial<N>;
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    // Any middleware requires following 3 members:
+
+    // struct context;
+    //      storing data for the middleware; can be read from another middleware or handlers
+
+    // before_handle
+    //      called before handling the request.
+    //      if res.end() is called, the operation is halted. 
+    //      (still call after_handle of this middleware)
+    //      2 signatures:
+    //      void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+    //          if you only need to access this middlewares context.
+    //      template <typename AllContext>
+    //      void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx, AllContext& all_ctx)
+    //          you can access another middlewares' context by calling `all_ctx.template get<MW>()'
+    //          ctx == all_ctx.template get<CurrentMiddleware>()
+
+    // after_handle
+    //      called after handling the request.
+    //      void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+    //      template <typename AllContext>
+    //      void after_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx, AllContext& all_ctx)
+
+    struct CookieParser
+    {
+        struct context
+        {
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> jar;
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> cookies_to_add;
+
+            std::string get_cookie(const std::string& key)
+            {
+                if (jar.count(key))
+                    return jar[key];
+                return {};
+            }
+
+            void set_cookie(const std::string& key, const std::string& value)
+            {
+                cookies_to_add.emplace(key, value);
+            }
+        };
+
+        void before_handle(request& req, response& res, context& ctx)
+        {
+            int count = req.headers.count("Cookie");
+            if (!count)
+                return;
+            if (count > 1)
+            {
+                res.code = 400;
+                res.end();
+                return;
+            }
+            std::string cookies = req.get_header_value("Cookie");
+            size_t pos = 0;
+            while(pos < cookies.size())
+            {
+                size_t pos_equal = cookies.find('=', pos);
+                if (pos_equal == cookies.npos)
+                    break;
+                std::string name = cookies.substr(pos, pos_equal-pos);
+                boost::trim(name);
+                pos = pos_equal+1;
+                while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
+                if (pos == cookies.size())
+                    break;
+
+                std::string value;
+
+                if (cookies[pos] == '"')
+                {
+                    int dquote_meet_count = 0;
+                    pos ++;
+                    size_t pos_dquote = pos-1;
+                    do
+                    {
+                        pos_dquote = cookies.find('"', pos_dquote+1);
+                        dquote_meet_count ++;
+                    } while(pos_dquote < cookies.size() && cookies[pos_dquote-1] == '\\');
+                    if (pos_dquote == cookies.npos)
+                        break;
+
+                    if (dquote_meet_count == 1)
+                        value = cookies.substr(pos, pos_dquote - pos);
+                    else
+                    {
+                        value.clear();
+                        value.reserve(pos_dquote-pos);
+                        for(size_t p = pos; p < pos_dquote; p++)
+                        {
+                            // FIXME minimal escaping
+                            if (cookies[p] == '\\' && p + 1 < pos_dquote)
+                            {
+                                p++;
+                                if (cookies[p] == '\\' || cookies[p] == '"')
+                                    value += cookies[p];
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    value += '\\';
+                                    value += cookies[p];
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else
+                                value += cookies[p];
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    ctx.jar.emplace(std::move(name), std::move(value));
+                    pos = cookies.find(";", pos_dquote+1);
+                    if (pos == cookies.npos)
+                        break;
+                    pos++;
+                    while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
+                    if (pos == cookies.size())
+                        break;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    size_t pos_semicolon = cookies.find(';', pos);
+                    value = cookies.substr(pos, pos_semicolon - pos);
+                    boost::trim(value);
+                    ctx.jar.emplace(std::move(name), std::move(value));
+                    pos = pos_semicolon;
+                    if (pos == cookies.npos)
+                        break;
+                    pos ++;
+                    while(pos < cookies.size() && cookies[pos] == ' ') pos++;
+                    if (pos == cookies.size())
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void after_handle(request& /*req*/, response& res, context& ctx)
+        {
+            for(auto& cookie:ctx.cookies_to_add)
+            {
+                res.add_header("Set-Cookie", cookie.first + "=" + cookie.second);
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    /*
+    App<CookieParser, AnotherJarMW> app;
+    A B C
+    A::context
+        int aa;
+
+    ctx1 : public A::context
+    ctx2 : public ctx1, public B::context
+    ctx3 : public ctx2, public C::context
+
+    C depends on A
+
+    C::handle
+        context.aaa
+
+    App::context : private CookieParser::contetx, ... 
+    {
+        jar
+
+    }
+
+    SimpleApp
+    */
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+#include <boost/array.hpp>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <vector>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    using namespace boost;
+    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
+
+    namespace detail
+    {
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_before_handle_arity_3_const
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) const = &T::before_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
+
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_before_handle_arity_3
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) = &T::before_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
+
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_after_handle_arity_3_const
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) const = &T::after_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
+
+        template <typename MW>
+        struct check_after_handle_arity_3
+        {
+            template <typename T,
+                void (T::*)(request&, response&, typename MW::context&) = &T::after_handle
+            >
+            struct get
+            { };
+        };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_before_handle_arity_3_impl
+        {
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_before_handle_arity_3_const<T>::template get<C>*);
+
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_before_handle_arity_3<T>::template get<C>*);
+
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::false_type f(...);
+
+        public:
+            static const bool value = decltype(f<T>(nullptr))::value;
+        };
+
+        template <typename T>
+        struct is_after_handle_arity_3_impl
+        {
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_after_handle_arity_3_const<T>::template get<C>*);
+
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::true_type f(typename check_after_handle_arity_3<T>::template get<C>*);
+
+            template <typename C>
+            static std::false_type f(...);
+
+        public:
+            static const bool value = decltype(f<T>(nullptr))::value;
+        };
+
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<!is_before_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        before_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
+        {
+            mw.before_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>(), ctx);
+        }
+
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<is_before_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        before_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
+        {
+            mw.before_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>());
+        }
+
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<!is_after_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        after_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
+        {
+            mw.after_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>(), ctx);
+        }
+
+        template <typename MW, typename Context, typename ParentContext>
+        typename std::enable_if<is_after_handle_arity_3_impl<MW>::value>::type
+        after_handler_call(MW& mw, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx, ParentContext& /*parent_ctx*/)
+        {
+            mw.after_handle(req, res, ctx.template get<MW>());
+        }
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container, typename CurrentMW, typename ... Middlewares>
+        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& middlewares, request& req, response& res, Context& ctx)
+        {
+            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
+            before_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+
+            if (res.is_completed())
+            {
+                after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (middleware_call_helper<N+1, Context, Container, Middlewares...>(middlewares, req, res, ctx))
+            {
+                after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        bool middleware_call_helper(Container& /*middlewares*/, request& /*req*/, response& /*res*/, Context& /*ctx*/)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        typename std::enable_if<(N<0)>::type 
+        after_handlers_call_helper(Container& /*middlewares*/, Context& /*context*/, request& /*req*/, response& /*res*/)
+        {
+        }
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        typename std::enable_if<(N==0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res)
+        {
+            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
+            using CurrentMW = typename std::tuple_element<N, typename std::remove_reference<Container>::type>::type;
+            after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+        }
+
+        template <int N, typename Context, typename Container>
+        typename std::enable_if<(N>0)>::type after_handlers_call_helper(Container& middlewares, Context& ctx, request& req, response& res)
+        {
+            using parent_context_t = typename Context::template partial<N-1>;
+            using CurrentMW = typename std::tuple_element<N, typename std::remove_reference<Container>::type>::type;
+            after_handler_call<CurrentMW, Context, parent_context_t>(std::get<N>(middlewares), req, res, ctx, static_cast<parent_context_t&>(ctx));
+            after_handlers_call_helper<N-1, Context, Container>(middlewares, ctx, req, res);
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+    static int connectionCount;
+#endif
+    template <typename Adaptor, typename Handler, typename ... Middlewares>
+    class Connection
+    {
+    public:
+        Connection(
+            boost::asio::io_service& io_service, 
+            Handler* handler, 
+            const std::string& server_name,
+            std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares,
+            std::function<std::string()>& get_cached_date_str_f,
+            detail::dumb_timer_queue& timer_queue,
+            typename Adaptor::context* adaptor_ctx_
+            ) 
+            : adaptor_(io_service, adaptor_ctx_), 
+            handler_(handler), 
+            parser_(this), 
+            server_name_(server_name),
+            middlewares_(middlewares),
+            get_cached_date_str(get_cached_date_str_f),
+            timer_queue(timer_queue)
+        {
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+            connectionCount ++;
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Connection open, total " << connectionCount << ", " << this;
+#endif
+        }
+        
+        ~Connection()
+        {
+            res.complete_request_handler_ = nullptr;
+            cancel_deadline_timer();
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_DEBUG
+            connectionCount --;
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << "Connection closed, total " << connectionCount << ", " << this;
+#endif
+        }
+
+        decltype(std::declval<Adaptor>().raw_socket())& socket()
+        {
+            return adaptor_.raw_socket();
+        }
+
+        void start()
+        {
+            adaptor_.start([this](const boost::system::error_code& ec) {
+                if (!ec)
+                {
+                    start_deadline();
+
+                    do_read();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    check_destroy();
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        void handle_header()
+        {
+            // HTTP 1.1 Expect: 100-continue
+            if (parser_.check_version(1, 1) && parser_.headers.count("expect") && get_header_value(parser_.headers, "expect") == "100-continue")
+            {
+                buffers_.clear();
+                static std::string expect_100_continue = "HTTP/1.1 100 Continue\r\n\r\n";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(expect_100_continue.data(), expect_100_continue.size());
+                do_write();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void handle()
+        {
+            cancel_deadline_timer();
+            bool is_invalid_request = false;
+            add_keep_alive_ = false;
+
+            req_ = std::move(parser_.to_request());
+            request& req = req_;
+
+            if (parser_.check_version(1, 0))
+            {
+                // HTTP/1.0
+                if (req.headers.count("connection"))
+                {
+                    if (boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("connection"),"Keep-Alive"))
+                        add_keep_alive_ = true;
+                }
+                else
+                    close_connection_ = true;
+            }
+            else if (parser_.check_version(1, 1))
+            {
+                // HTTP/1.1
+                if (req.headers.count("connection"))
+                {
+                    if (req.get_header_value("connection") == "close")
+                        close_connection_ = true;
+                    else if (boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("connection"),"Keep-Alive"))
+                        add_keep_alive_ = true;
+                }
+                if (!req.headers.count("host"))
+                {
+                    is_invalid_request = true;
+                    res = response(400);
+                }
+				if (parser_.is_upgrade())
+				{
+					if (req.get_header_value("upgrade") == "h2c")
+					{
+						// TODO HTTP/2
+                        // currently, ignore upgrade header
+					}
+                    else
+                    {
+                        close_connection_ = true;
+                        handler_->handle_upgrade(req, res, std::move(adaptor_));
+                        return;
+                    }
+				}
+            }
+
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Request: " << boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(adaptor_.remote_endpoint()) << " " << this << " HTTP/" << parser_.http_major << "." << parser_.http_minor << ' '
+             << method_name(req.method) << " " << req.url;
+
+
+            need_to_call_after_handlers_ = false;
+            if (!is_invalid_request)
+            {
+                res.complete_request_handler_ = []{};
+                res.is_alive_helper_ = [this]()->bool{ return adaptor_.is_open(); };
+
+                ctx_ = detail::context<Middlewares...>();
+                req.middleware_context = (void*)&ctx_;
+                req.io_service = &adaptor_.get_io_service();
+                detail::middleware_call_helper<0, decltype(ctx_), decltype(*middlewares_), Middlewares...>(*middlewares_, req, res, ctx_);
+
+                if (!res.completed_)
+                {
+                    res.complete_request_handler_ = [this]{ this->complete_request(); };
+                    need_to_call_after_handlers_ = true;
+                    handler_->handle(req, res);
+                    if (add_keep_alive_)
+                        res.set_header("connection", "Keep-Alive");
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    complete_request();
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                complete_request();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void complete_request()
+        {
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << "Response: " << this << ' ' << req_.raw_url << ' ' << res.code << ' ' << close_connection_;
+
+            if (need_to_call_after_handlers_)
+            {
+                need_to_call_after_handlers_ = false;
+
+                // call all after_handler of middlewares
+                detail::after_handlers_call_helper<
+                    ((int)sizeof...(Middlewares)-1),
+                    decltype(ctx_),
+                    decltype(*middlewares_)> 
+                (*middlewares_, ctx_, req_, res);
+            }
+
+            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+            res.complete_request_handler_ = nullptr;
+            
+            if (!adaptor_.is_open())
+            {
+                //CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " delete (socket is closed) " << is_reading << ' ' << is_writing;
+                //delete this;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            static std::unordered_map<int, std::string> statusCodes = {
+                {200, "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"},
+                {201, "HTTP/1.1 201 Created\r\n"},
+                {202, "HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted\r\n"},
+                {204, "HTTP/1.1 204 No Content\r\n"},
+
+                {300, "HTTP/1.1 300 Multiple Choices\r\n"},
+                {301, "HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently\r\n"},
+                {302, "HTTP/1.1 302 Moved Temporarily\r\n"},
+                {304, "HTTP/1.1 304 Not Modified\r\n"},
+
+                {400, "HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request\r\n"},
+                {401, "HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\r\n"},
+                {403, "HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden\r\n"},
+                {404, "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"},
+                {422, "HTTP/1.1 422 Unprocessable Entity\r\n"},
+
+                {500, "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n"},
+                {501, "HTTP/1.1 501 Not Implemented\r\n"},
+                {502, "HTTP/1.1 502 Bad Gateway\r\n"},
+                {503, "HTTP/1.1 503 Service Unavailable\r\n"},
+            };
+
+            static std::string seperator = ": ";
+            static std::string crlf = "\r\n";
+
+            buffers_.clear();
+            buffers_.reserve(4*(res.headers.size()+5)+3);
+
+            if (res.body.empty() && res.json_value.t() == json::type::Object)
+            {
+                res.body = json::dump(res.json_value);
+            }
+
+            if (!statusCodes.count(res.code))
+                res.code = 500;
+            {
+                auto& status = statusCodes.find(res.code)->second;
+                buffers_.emplace_back(status.data(), status.size());
+            }
+
+            if (res.code >= 400 && res.body.empty())
+                res.body = statusCodes[res.code].substr(9);
+
+            for(auto& kv : res.headers)
+            {
+                buffers_.emplace_back(kv.first.data(), kv.first.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(seperator.data(), seperator.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(kv.second.data(), kv.second.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+
+            }
+
+            if (!res.headers.count("content-length"))
+            {
+                content_length_ = std::to_string(res.body.size());
+                static std::string content_length_tag = "Content-Length: ";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(content_length_tag.data(), content_length_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(content_length_.data(), content_length_.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            }
+            if (!res.headers.count("server"))
+            {
+                static std::string server_tag = "Server: ";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(server_tag.data(), server_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(server_name_.data(), server_name_.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            }
+            if (!res.headers.count("date"))
+            {
+                static std::string date_tag = "Date: ";
+                date_str_ = get_cached_date_str();
+                buffers_.emplace_back(date_tag.data(), date_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(date_str_.data(), date_str_.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            }
+            if (add_keep_alive_)
+            {
+                static std::string keep_alive_tag = "Connection: Keep-Alive";
+                buffers_.emplace_back(keep_alive_tag.data(), keep_alive_tag.size());
+                buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            }
+
+            buffers_.emplace_back(crlf.data(), crlf.size());
+            res_body_copy_.swap(res.body);
+            buffers_.emplace_back(res_body_copy_.data(), res_body_copy_.size());
+
+            do_write();
+
+            if (need_to_start_read_after_complete_)
+            {
+                need_to_start_read_after_complete_ = false;
+                start_deadline();
+                do_read();
+            }
+        }
+
+    private:
+        void do_read()
+        {
+            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+            is_reading = true;
+            adaptor_.socket().async_read_some(boost::asio::buffer(buffer_), 
+                [this](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t bytes_transferred)
+                {
+                    bool error_while_reading = true;
+                    if (!ec)
+                    {
+                        bool ret = parser_.feed(buffer_.data(), bytes_transferred);
+                        if (ret && adaptor_.is_open())
+                        {
+                            error_while_reading = false;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    if (error_while_reading)
+                    {
+                        cancel_deadline_timer();
+                        parser_.done();
+                        adaptor_.close();
+                        is_reading = false;
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from read(1)";
+                        check_destroy();
+                    }
+                    else if (close_connection_)
+                    {
+                        cancel_deadline_timer();
+                        parser_.done();
+                        is_reading = false;
+                        check_destroy();
+                        // adaptor will close after write
+                    }
+                    else if (!need_to_call_after_handlers_)
+                    {
+                        start_deadline();
+                        do_read();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        // res will be completed later by user
+                        need_to_start_read_after_complete_ = true;
+                    }
+                });
+        }
+
+        void do_write()
+        {
+            //auto self = this->shared_from_this();
+            is_writing = true;
+            boost::asio::async_write(adaptor_.socket(), buffers_, 
+                [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec, std::size_t /*bytes_transferred*/)
+                {
+                    is_writing = false;
+                    res.clear();
+                    res_body_copy_.clear();
+                    if (!ec)
+                    {
+                        if (close_connection_)
+                        {
+                            adaptor_.close();
+                            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from write(1)";
+                            check_destroy();
+                        }
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " from write(2)";
+                        check_destroy();
+                    }
+                });
+        }
+
+        void check_destroy()
+        {
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " is_reading " << is_reading << " is_writing " << is_writing;
+            if (!is_reading && !is_writing)
+            {
+                CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " delete (idle) ";
+                delete this;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void cancel_deadline_timer()
+        {
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " timer cancelled: " << timer_cancel_key_.first << ' ' << timer_cancel_key_.second;
+            timer_queue.cancel(timer_cancel_key_);
+        }
+
+        void start_deadline(/*int timeout = 5*/)
+        {
+            cancel_deadline_timer();
+            
+            timer_cancel_key_ = timer_queue.add([this]
+            {
+                if (!adaptor_.is_open())
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+                adaptor_.close();
+            });
+            CROW_LOG_DEBUG << this << " timer added: " << timer_cancel_key_.first << ' ' << timer_cancel_key_.second;
+        }
+
+    private:
+        Adaptor adaptor_;
+        Handler* handler_;
+
+        boost::array<char, 4096> buffer_;
+
+        HTTPParser<Connection> parser_;
+        request req_;
+        response res;
+
+        bool close_connection_ = false;
+
+        const std::string& server_name_;
+        std::vector<boost::asio::const_buffer> buffers_;
+
+        std::string content_length_;
+        std::string date_str_;
+        std::string res_body_copy_;
+
+        //boost::asio::deadline_timer deadline_;
+        detail::dumb_timer_queue::key timer_cancel_key_;
+
+        bool is_reading{};
+        bool is_writing{};
+        bool need_to_call_after_handlers_{};
+        bool need_to_start_read_after_complete_{};
+        bool add_keep_alive_{};
+
+        std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares_;
+        detail::context<Middlewares...> ctx_;
+
+        std::function<std::string()>& get_cached_date_str;
+        detail::dumb_timer_queue& timer_queue;
+    };
+
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <boost/date_time/posix_time/posix_time.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+#include <boost/asio/ssl.hpp>
+#endif
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <future>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <memory>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+namespace crow
+{
+    using namespace boost;
+    using tcp = asio::ip::tcp;
+
+    template <typename Handler, typename Adaptor = SocketAdaptor, typename ... Middlewares>
+    class Server
+    {
+    public:
+    Server(Handler* handler, std::string bindaddr, uint16_t port, std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares = nullptr, uint16_t concurrency = 1, typename Adaptor::context* adaptor_ctx = nullptr)
+            : acceptor_(io_service_, tcp::endpoint(boost::asio::ip::address::from_string(bindaddr), port)),
+            signals_(io_service_, SIGINT, SIGTERM),
+            tick_timer_(io_service_),
+            handler_(handler),
+            concurrency_(concurrency),
+            port_(port),
+            bindaddr_(bindaddr),
+            middlewares_(middlewares),
+            adaptor_ctx_(adaptor_ctx)
+        {
+        }
+
+        void set_tick_function(std::chrono::milliseconds d, std::function<void()> f)
+        {
+            tick_interval_ = d;
+            tick_function_ = f;
+        }
+
+        void on_tick()
+        {
+            tick_function_();
+            tick_timer_.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::milliseconds(tick_interval_.count()));
+            tick_timer_.async_wait([this](const boost::system::error_code& ec)
+                    {
+                        if (ec)
+                            return;
+                        on_tick();
+                    });
+        }
+
+        void run()
+        {
+            if (concurrency_ < 0)
+                concurrency_ = 1;
+
+            for(int i = 0; i < concurrency_;  i++)
+                io_service_pool_.emplace_back(new boost::asio::io_service());
+            get_cached_date_str_pool_.resize(concurrency_);
+            timer_queue_pool_.resize(concurrency_);
+
+            std::vector<std::future<void>> v;
+            std::atomic<int> init_count(0);
+            for(uint16_t i = 0; i < concurrency_; i ++)
+                v.push_back(
+                        std::async(std::launch::async, [this, i, &init_count]{
+
+                            // thread local date string get function
+                            auto last = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+                            std::string date_str;
+                            auto update_date_str = [&]
+                            {
+                                auto last_time_t = time(0);
+                                tm my_tm;
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+                                gmtime_s(&my_tm, &last_time_t);
+#else
+                                gmtime_r(&last_time_t, &my_tm);
+#endif
+                                date_str.resize(100);
+                                size_t date_str_sz = strftime(&date_str[0], 99, "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", &my_tm);
+                                date_str.resize(date_str_sz);
+                            };
+                            update_date_str();
+                            get_cached_date_str_pool_[i] = [&]()->std::string
+                            {
+                                if (std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - last >= std::chrono::seconds(1))
+                                {
+                                    last = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+                                    update_date_str();
+                                }
+                                return date_str;
+                            };
+
+                            // initializing timer queue
+                            detail::dumb_timer_queue timer_queue;
+                            timer_queue_pool_[i] = &timer_queue;
+
+                            timer_queue.set_io_service(*io_service_pool_[i]);
+                            boost::asio::deadline_timer timer(*io_service_pool_[i]);
+                            timer.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::seconds(1));
+
+                            std::function<void(const boost::system::error_code& ec)> handler;
+                            handler = [&](const boost::system::error_code& ec){
+                                if (ec)
+                                    return;
+                                timer_queue.process();
+                                timer.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::seconds(1));
+                                timer.async_wait(handler);
+                            };
+                            timer.async_wait(handler);
+
+                            init_count ++;
+                            try 
+                            {
+                                io_service_pool_[i]->run();
+                            } catch(std::exception& e)
+                            {
+                                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "Worker Crash: An uncaught exception occurred: " << e.what();
+                            }
+                        }));
+
+            if (tick_function_ && tick_interval_.count() > 0) 
+            {
+                tick_timer_.expires_from_now(boost::posix_time::milliseconds(tick_interval_.count()));
+                tick_timer_.async_wait([this](const boost::system::error_code& ec)
+                        {
+                            if (ec)
+                                return;
+                            on_tick();
+                        });
+            }
+
+            CROW_LOG_INFO << server_name_ << " server is running, local port " << port_;
+
+            signals_.async_wait(
+                [&](const boost::system::error_code& /*error*/, int /*signal_number*/){
+                    stop();
+                });
+
+            while(concurrency_ != init_count)
+                std::this_thread::yield();
+
+            do_accept();
+
+            std::thread([this]{
+                io_service_.run();
+                CROW_LOG_INFO << "Exiting.";
+            }).join();
+        }
+
+        void stop()
+        {
+            io_service_.stop();
+            for(auto& io_service:io_service_pool_)
+                io_service->stop();
+        }
+
+    private:
+        asio::io_service& pick_io_service()
+        {
+            // TODO load balancing
+            roundrobin_index_++;
+            if (roundrobin_index_ >= io_service_pool_.size())
+                roundrobin_index_ = 0;
+            return *io_service_pool_[roundrobin_index_];
+        }
+
+        void do_accept()
+        {
+            asio::io_service& is = pick_io_service();
+            auto p = new Connection<Adaptor, Handler, Middlewares...>(
+                is, handler_, server_name_, middlewares_,
+                get_cached_date_str_pool_[roundrobin_index_], *timer_queue_pool_[roundrobin_index_],
+                adaptor_ctx_);
+            acceptor_.async_accept(p->socket(),
+                [this, p, &is](boost::system::error_code ec)
+                {
+                    if (!ec)
+                    {
+                        is.post([p]
+                        {
+                            p->start();
+                        });
+                    }
+                    do_accept();
+                });
+        }
+
+    private:
+        asio::io_service io_service_;
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<asio::io_service>> io_service_pool_;
+        std::vector<detail::dumb_timer_queue*> timer_queue_pool_;
+        std::vector<std::function<std::string()>> get_cached_date_str_pool_;
+        tcp::acceptor acceptor_;
+        boost::asio::signal_set signals_;
+        boost::asio::deadline_timer tick_timer_;
+
+        Handler* handler_;
+        uint16_t concurrency_{1};
+        std::string server_name_ = "Crow/0.1";
+        uint16_t port_;
+        std::string bindaddr_;
+        unsigned int roundrobin_index_{};
+
+        std::chrono::milliseconds tick_interval_;
+        std::function<void()> tick_function_;
+
+        std::tuple<Middlewares...>* middlewares_;
+
+#ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
+        bool use_ssl_{false};
+        boost::asio::ssl::context ssl_context_{boost::asio::ssl::context::sslv23};
+#endif
+        typename Adaptor::context* adaptor_ctx_;
+    };
+}
+
+
+
+#pragma once
+
 #include <chrono>
 #include <string>
 #include <functional>
@@ -9657,4 +9705,3 @@ namespace crow
 
 
 
-
diff --git a/conanfile.py b/conanfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f7546a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/conanfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from conans import ConanFile, CMake
+
+
+class CrowConan(ConanFile):
+    name = "Crow"
+    version = "0.1"
+    url = "https://github.com/ipkn/crow"
+    license = "MIT; see https://github.com/ipkn/crow/blob/master/LICENSE"
+    generators = "cmake"
+    settings = "os", "compiler", "build_type", "arch"
+
+    requires = (("Boost/1.60.0@lasote/stable"),
+                ("OpenSSL/1.0.2i@lasote/stable"))
+
+    # No exports necessary
+
+    def source(self):
+        # this will create a hello subfolder, take it into account
+        self.run("git clone https://github.com/ipkn/crow.git")
+
+    def build(self):
+        cmake = CMake(self.settings)
+        self.run('cmake %s/crow %s' % (self.conanfile_directory, cmake.command_line))
+        self.run("cmake --build . %s" % cmake.build_config)
+        self.run("make")
+
+    def package(self):
+        self.copy("*.h", dst="include", src="amalgamate")
diff --git a/examples/example.cpp b/examples/example.cpp
index b4cbe40..87231a2 100644
--- a/examples/example.cpp
+++ b/examples/example.cpp
@@ -146,6 +146,15 @@ int main()
         for(const auto& countVal : count) {
             os << " - " << countVal << '\n';
         }
+
+        // To get a dictionary from the request
+        // You have to submit something like '/params?mydict[a]=b&mydict[abcd]=42' to have a list of pairs ((a, b) and (abcd, 42))
+        auto mydict = req.url_params.get_dict("mydict");
+        os << "The key 'dict' contains " << mydict.size() << " value(s).\n";
+        for(const auto& mydictVal : mydict) {
+            os << " - " << mydictVal.first << " -> " << mydictVal.second << '\n';
+        }
+
         return crow::response{os.str()};
     });    
 
diff --git a/examples/websocket/example_ws.cpp b/examples/websocket/example_ws.cpp
index ec3603c..e3c1b85 100644
--- a/examples/websocket/example_ws.cpp
+++ b/examples/websocket/example_ws.cpp
@@ -33,8 +33,13 @@ int main()
 
     CROW_ROUTE(app, "/")
     ([]{
+	char name[256];
+	gethostname(name, 256);
+	crow::mustache::context x;
+	x["servername"] = name;
+	
         auto page = crow::mustache::load("ws.html");
-        return page.render();
+        return page.render(x);
      });
 
     app.port(40080)
diff --git a/examples/websocket/templates/ws.html b/examples/websocket/templates/ws.html
index f6e7281..5200b8b 100644
--- a/examples/websocket/templates/ws.html
+++ b/examples/websocket/templates/ws.html
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     <textarea id="log" cols=100 rows=50>
     </textarea>
     <script>
-var sock = new WebSocket("ws://i.ipkn.me:40080/ws");
+var sock = new WebSocket("ws://{{servername}}:40080/ws");
 sock.onopen = ()=>{
     console.log('open')
 }
diff --git a/include/crow/http_connection.h b/include/crow/http_connection.h
index 96f2d14..3ef8089 100644
--- a/include/crow/http_connection.h
+++ b/include/crow/http_connection.h
@@ -374,6 +374,7 @@ namespace crow
                 {401, "HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized\r\n"},
                 {403, "HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden\r\n"},
                 {404, "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"},
+                {422, "HTTP/1.1 422 Unprocessable Entity\r\n"},
 
                 {500, "HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error\r\n"},
                 {501, "HTTP/1.1 501 Not Implemented\r\n"},
diff --git a/include/crow/http_server.h b/include/crow/http_server.h
index d5abb11..7e4da56 100644
--- a/include/crow/http_server.h
+++ b/include/crow/http_server.h
@@ -121,12 +121,19 @@ namespace crow
                             timer.async_wait(handler);
 
                             init_count ++;
-                            try 
+                            while(1)
                             {
-                                io_service_pool_[i]->run();
-                            } catch(std::exception& e)
-                            {
-                                CROW_LOG_ERROR << "Worker Crash: An uncaught exception occurred: " << e.what();
+                                try 
+                                {
+                                    if (io_service_pool_[i]->run() == 0)
+                                    {
+                                        // when io_service.run returns 0, there are no more works to do.
+                                        break;
+                                    }
+                                } catch(std::exception& e)
+                                {
+                                    CROW_LOG_ERROR << "Worker Crash: An uncaught exception occurred: " << e.what();
+                                }
                             }
                         }));
 
@@ -193,6 +200,10 @@ namespace crow
                             p->start();
                         });
                     }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        delete p;
+                    }
                     do_accept();
                 });
         }
diff --git a/include/crow/json.h b/include/crow/json.h
index 891fedf..8b58180 100644
--- a/include/crow/json.h
+++ b/include/crow/json.h
@@ -1264,6 +1264,23 @@ namespace crow
                 return *this;
             }
 
+            wvalue& operator=(std::vector<wvalue>&& v)
+            {
+                if (t_ != type::List)
+                    reset();
+                t_ = type::List;
+                if (!l)
+                    l = std::unique_ptr<std::vector<wvalue>>(new std::vector<wvalue>{});
+                l->clear();
+                l->resize(v.size());
+                size_t idx = 0;
+                for(auto& x:v)
+                {
+                    (*l)[idx++] = std::move(x);
+                }
+                return *this;
+            }
+
             template <typename T>
             wvalue& operator=(const std::vector<T>& v)
             {
diff --git a/include/crow/query_string.h b/include/crow/query_string.h
index 3f8bffe..78ccc67 100644
--- a/include/crow/query_string.h
+++ b/include/crow/query_string.h
@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
+#include <unordered_map>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <boost/optional.hpp>
 
 namespace crow
 {
@@ -197,6 +199,48 @@ inline char * qs_k2v(const char * key, char * const * qs_kv, int qs_kv_size, int
     return NULL;
 }
 
+inline boost::optional<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> qs_dict_name2kv(const char * dict_name, char * const * qs_kv, int qs_kv_size, int nth = 0)
+{
+    int i;
+    size_t name_len, skip_to_eq, skip_to_brace_open, skip_to_brace_close;
+
+    name_len = strlen(dict_name);
+
+#ifdef _qsSORTING
+// TODO: binary search for key in the sorted qs_kv
+#else  // _qsSORTING
+    for(i=0; i<qs_kv_size; i++)
+    {
+        if ( strncmp(dict_name, qs_kv[i], name_len) == 0 )
+        {
+            skip_to_eq = strcspn(qs_kv[i], "=");
+            if ( qs_kv[i][skip_to_eq] == '=' )
+                skip_to_eq++;
+            skip_to_brace_open = strcspn(qs_kv[i], "[");
+            if ( qs_kv[i][skip_to_brace_open] == '[' )
+                skip_to_brace_open++;
+            skip_to_brace_close = strcspn(qs_kv[i], "]");
+
+            if ( skip_to_brace_open <= skip_to_brace_close &&
+                 skip_to_brace_open > 0 &&
+                 skip_to_brace_close > 0 &&
+                 nth == 0 )
+            {
+                auto key = std::string(qs_kv[i] + skip_to_brace_open, skip_to_brace_close - skip_to_brace_open);
+                auto value = std::string(qs_kv[i] + skip_to_eq);
+                return boost::make_optional(std::make_pair(key, value));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                --nth;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif  // _qsSORTING
+
+    return boost::none;
+}
+
 
 inline char * qs_scanvalue(const char * key, const char * qs, char * val, size_t val_len)
 {
@@ -336,6 +380,20 @@ namespace crow
             return ret;
         }
 
+        std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> get_dict (const std::string& name) const
+        {
+            std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string> ret;
+
+            int count = 0;
+            while(1)
+            {
+                if (auto element = qs_dict_name2kv(name.c_str(), key_value_pairs_.data(), key_value_pairs_.size(), count++))
+                    ret.insert(*element);
+                else
+                    break;
+            }
+            return ret;
+        }
 
     private:
         std::string url_;
diff --git a/include/crow/routing.h b/include/crow/routing.h
index a8aa233..cdfa480 100644
--- a/include/crow/routing.h
+++ b/include/crow/routing.h
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ namespace crow
             struct Wrapped
             {
                 template <typename ... Args>
-                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                void set_(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
                     !std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value
                 , int>::type = 0)
                 {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ namespace crow
                 };
 
                 template <typename ... Args>
-                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                void set_(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
                         std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value &&
                         !std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<1, std::tuple<Args..., void, void>>::type, response&>::value
                         , int>::type = 0)
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ namespace crow
                 }
 
                 template <typename ... Args>
-                void set(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
+                void set_(Func f, typename std::enable_if<
                         std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<0, std::tuple<Args..., void>>::type, const request&>::value &&
                         std::is_same<typename std::tuple_element<1, std::tuple<Args..., void, void>>::type, response&>::value
                         , int>::type = 0)
@@ -276,12 +276,12 @@ namespace crow
 
         void handle_upgrade(const request& req, response&, SocketAdaptor&& adaptor) override 
 		{
-			new crow::websocket::Connection<SocketAdaptor>(req, std::move(adaptor), open_handler_, message_handler_, close_handler_, error_handler_);
+			new crow::websocket::Connection<SocketAdaptor>(req, std::move(adaptor), open_handler_, message_handler_, close_handler_, error_handler_, accept_handler_);
 		}
 #ifdef CROW_ENABLE_SSL
         void handle_upgrade(const request& req, response&, SSLAdaptor&& adaptor) override
 		{
-			new crow::websocket::Connection<SSLAdaptor>(req, std::move(adaptor), open_handler_, message_handler_, close_handler_, error_handler_);
+			new crow::websocket::Connection<SSLAdaptor>(req, std::move(adaptor), open_handler_, message_handler_, close_handler_, error_handler_, accept_handler_);
 		}
 #endif
 
@@ -313,11 +313,19 @@ namespace crow
 			return *this;
 		}
 
+		template <typename Func>
+		self_t& onaccept(Func f)
+		{
+		    accept_handler_ = f;
+		    return *this;
+		}
+
 	protected:
 		std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> open_handler_;
 		std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&, bool)> message_handler_;
 		std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&)> close_handler_;
 		std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> error_handler_;
+		std::function<bool(const crow::request&)> accept_handler_;
 	};
 
     template <typename T>
@@ -410,7 +418,7 @@ namespace crow
                 throw std::runtime_error("route_dynamic: Handler type is mismatched with URL parameters: " + rule_);
             }
             auto ret = detail::routing_handler_call_helper::Wrapped<Func, typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...>();
-            ret.template set<
+            ret.template set_<
                 typename function_t::template arg<Indices>...
             >(std::move(f));
             return ret;
@@ -456,10 +464,16 @@ namespace crow
             static_assert(!std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<Args>()...))>::value, 
                 "Handler function cannot have void return type; valid return types: string, int, crow::resposne, crow::json::wvalue");
 
-                handler_ = [f = std::move(f)](const request&, response& res, Args ... args){
+            handler_ = (
+#ifdef CROW_CAN_USE_CPP14
+                [f = std::move(f)]
+#else
+                [f]
+#endif
+                (const request&, response& res, Args ... args){
                     res = response(f(args...));
                     res.end();
-                };
+                });
         }
 
         template <typename Func>
@@ -475,10 +489,16 @@ namespace crow
             static_assert(!std::is_same<void, decltype(f(std::declval<crow::request>(), std::declval<Args>()...))>::value, 
                 "Handler function cannot have void return type; valid return types: string, int, crow::resposne, crow::json::wvalue");
 
-                handler_ = [f = std::move(f)](const crow::request& req, crow::response& res, Args ... args){
+            handler_ = (
+#ifdef CROW_CAN_USE_CPP14
+                [f = std::move(f)]
+#else
+                [f]
+#endif
+                (const crow::request& req, crow::response& res, Args ... args){
                     res = response(f(req, args...));
                     res.end();
-                };
+                });
         }
 
         template <typename Func>
diff --git a/include/crow/websocket.h b/include/crow/websocket.h
index 3724375..d21d7e9 100644
--- a/include/crow/websocket.h
+++ b/include/crow/websocket.h
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
+#include <boost/array.hpp>
 #include "crow/socket_adaptors.h"
 #include "crow/http_request.h"
 #include "crow/TinySHA1.hpp"
@@ -39,8 +40,10 @@ namespace crow
 						std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> open_handler,
 						std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&, bool)> message_handler,
 						std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&)> close_handler,
-						std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> error_handler)
+						std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> error_handler,
+						std::function<bool(const crow::request&)> accept_handler)
 					: adaptor_(std::move(adaptor)), open_handler_(std::move(open_handler)), message_handler_(std::move(message_handler)), close_handler_(std::move(close_handler)), error_handler_(std::move(error_handler))
+					, accept_handler_(std::move(accept_handler))
 				{
 					if (!boost::iequals(req.get_header_value("upgrade"), "websocket"))
 					{
@@ -48,6 +51,17 @@ namespace crow
 						delete this;
 						return;
 					}
+
+					if (accept_handler_)
+					{
+						if (!accept_handler_(req))
+						{
+							adaptor.close();
+							delete this;
+							return;
+						}
+					}
+
 					// Sec-WebSocket-Key: dGhlIHNhbXBsZSBub25jZQ==
 					// Sec-WebSocket-Version: 13
                     std::string magic = req.get_header_value("Sec-WebSocket-Key") +  "258EAFA5-E914-47DA-95CA-C5AB0DC85B11";
@@ -486,6 +500,7 @@ namespace crow
 				std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&, bool)> message_handler_;
 				std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&, const std::string&)> close_handler_;
 				std::function<void(crow::websocket::connection&)> error_handler_;
+				std::function<bool(const crow::request&)> accept_handler_;
         };
     }
 }